29 CFR 1910.

146
Confined Space Entry
General Industry

April 15, 1993

ESS
ESS
 Annual Deaths & Injuries

63 Fatalities
5,931 Lost Time Rescue
Squad
Injuries
6,951 Non-Lost
Time Injuries
ESS
ESS
Intent of the CSE Standard
2/3
of Deaths are
Rescuers

ESS
ESS
Intent of the CSE Standard

2/3 of Deaths are

Rescuers

ESS
ESS
Intent of the CSE Standard

2/3 of Deaths are

Rescuers

ESS
ESS
Intent of the CSE Standard

2/3 of Deaths are

Rescuers

ESS
ESS
Intent of the CSE Standard

2/3 of Deaths are

Rescuers

ESS
ESS
Intent of the CSE Standard

2/3 of Deaths are

Rescuers

ESS
ESS
Intent of the CSE Standard

2/3 of Deaths are

Rescuers

ESS
ESS
Intent of the CSE Standard

2/3 of Deaths are

Rescuers

ESS
ESS
Intent of the CSE Standard

2/3 of Deaths are

Rescuers

ESS
ESS
Intent of the CSE Standard

2/3 of Deaths are

Rescuers

ESS
ESS
Intent of the CSE Standard

2/3 of Deaths are

Rescuers

ESS
ESS
Intent of the CSE Standard
Prevent
Rescuer Deaths
– Non-entry
Rescue

ESS
ESS
Define Confined Space
Large Enough
–can bodily enter
–perform assigned work
Limited Access & Egress
Not for Continuous
Occupancy
ESS
ESS
Define Confined Space

Large Enough
–can bodily enter
–perform assigned work

ESS
ESS
Define Confined Space

Not
Designed for
Continuous
Occupancy
ESS
ESS
Define Confined Space

Limited
Access &
Egress

ESS
ESS
Define Confined Space
Tanks
Trenches
Sewers
Furnaces
ESS
ESS
Define Confined Space
Pipes
Pits
Septic Tanks
ESS
ESS
Define Confined Space

Pumping Stations
Ships Hold
Vaults
Vats
ESS
ESS
Define Confined Space

Once Defined
– Determine Type

ESS
ESS
Types of Confined Spaces

Permit Required Space

Alternate Permit Space
Non-Permit Space

ESS
ESS
 Permit Space
Hazardous Atmosphere
–potential
Engulfment Hazard

–potential
ESS
ESS
 Permit Space
InternalConfiguration
–entrapment
–asphyxiation
Serious Safety or
Health Hazard
ESS
ESS
 Permit Space

SeriousSafety or
Health Hazard

ESS
ESS
 Permit Space

SeriousSafety or
Health Hazard

ESS
ESS
 Permit Space

Serious Safety
or Health
Hazard
ESS
ESS
 Permit Space
Serious
Safety or
Health Hazard
ESS
ESS
 Permit Space

Serious Safety
or Health
Hazard
ESS
ESS
 Permit Space

SeriousSafety or
Health Hazard

ESS
ESS
Alternate Permit Space
Forced Air Ventilation
–control ALL hazards
in the space
Exempt from Most of
Standard
ESS
ESS
 Non-Permit Space
 No Hazard Capable
–causing death
–serious physical harm
 No Potential Atmospheric Haza
–death
–serious physical harm
ESS
ESS
 Non-Permit Space
No Hazard Capable
–causing death
–serious physical harm

ESS
ESS
 Non-Permit Space

NoHazard Capable
–causing death
–serious physical
harm
ESS
ESS
 Non-Permit Space

NoHazard Capable
–causing death
–serious physical
harm
ESS
ESS
 Non-Permit Space

NoHazard Capable
–causing death
–serious physical
harm
ESS
ESS
 Non-Permit Space

NoHazard Capable
–causing death
–serious physical
harm
ESS
ESS
 Reclassification
Alleviationof All Hazards
–duration of entry
Documentation
Temporary Exemption
–reverts to permit space
ESS
ESS
 Confined Space Personnel

Authorized Entrant
Attendant
EntrySupervisor
Rescue
Service Member
ESS
ESS
 Confined Space Personnel

Authorized
Entrant

ESS
ESS
 Confined Space Personnel

Attendant

ESS
ESS
Confined Space Personnel

ESS
ESS
 Confined Space Personnel

Rescue
Service
Member

ESS
ESS
 Employer Responsibility
Identify Spaces
Define Spaces
Inform employees
Place warning signs
Decide if employees enter
–prevention of entry
ESS
ESS
DANGER
DANGER
 DANGER
Confined
Space
Do Not Enter
 DANGER
Confined
Space
Do Not Enter
 Post Sign

Confined
Space
Do Not Enter

ESS
ESS
 CSE Permits

 Safe Entry Conditions

 Pre-entry Briefing
 Posting Permits
 Duration of Permit
 Termination of Permit
 Retention of Permits

ESS
ESS
 CSE Permits

 Safe
Entry Conditions
– Atmospheric Testing
– Lockout/Tagout
– Equipment Needed
– Other
ESS
ESS
Review of Written Program

Standard Operating
Procedures

ESS
ESS
 CSE Procedures
Prevention of Unauthorized
Entry
– Specific Procedures
ID and Evaluation of Hazards
Prior to Entry
– Specific Procedures

ESS
ESS
 CSE Procedures (continued)

 Other Entry SOPs

 Equipment Required
 Assignment of Attendants

– Procedures

ESS
ESS
 CSE Procedures (continued)

 Authorized Personnel
 Duties of Personnel
 Rescue Procedures
 Permit System

ESS
ESS
 CSE Procedures (continued)

 Coordination of Employees
from Multiple Employers
 Procedures for Concluding the
Entry

ESS
ESS
 CSE Procedures (continued)

Proceduresfor Evaluation
and Updating of Procedures
Annual Review and
Revision

ESS
ESS
 Confined Space Hazards

Hazardous Atmospheres
Temperature Extremes
Engulfment
Noise
Moisture Hazard
Mechanical Hazards
Isolation of Space

ESS
ESS
 Hazardous Atmospheres

 Oxygen Deficient/Enriched
–19.5%
–23.5%
 Lower Explosive Limits
–10%
 Toxic
–PEL, TWA

ESS
ESS
 Acute Effects of Hazardous
Atmospheres

SelfRescue
Potential Hazardous
Atmospheres
–acute effects
ESS
ESS
 Temperature Extremes

Where
ProtectionRequired
Procedures

ESS
ESS
 Engulfment Hazards

Where
ProtectionRequired
Procedures

ESS
ESS
 Noise Hazards

Where
ProtectionRequired
Procedures

ESS
ESS
 Moisture Hazards

Where
ProtectionRequired
Procedures

ESS
ESS
 Mechanical Hazards

Where
ProtectionRequired
Procedures

ESS
ESS
 Isolation of Space

Where
Protection
Required
LOTO Procedures

ESS
ESS
 Confined Space Personnel

Authorized Entrant
Attendant
EntrySupervisor
Rescue Service
Member
ESS
ESS
 Duties of Entrants

Knowledge, Skills, and

Abilities
Equipment
Communications
Rescue Retrieval Equipment
Review of SOPs

ESS
ESS
 Duties of Attendants

Knowledge, Skills, and

Abilities
Equipment
Communications
Non-entry Rescue
Review of SOPs
ESS
ESS
 Duties of Entry Supervisor

Knowledge, Skills, and

Abilities
Verification of Safe Entry
Review of SOPs

ESS
ESS
 Rescue

Response
Rescue RetrievalSystem
–For Non-Entry Rescue
–All Entries
–Exceptions
ESS
ESS
 Training Required
 Entrant
 Attendant
 Entry Supervisor
 Rescue Procedures
– CPR
– First Aid
– Rescue Equipment

ESS
ESS
 Training Required
PPE
Annual Refresher
Performance Oriented
– understanding
– knowledge
– skills necessary
ESS
ESS
 Mechanical Advantage

 Systems which utilize mechanical advantage

to pull a person from an area with minimal
effort.
 Types of pulleys:

– Traveling pulleys: Pulleys that move in

the system
– Directional pulleys: Pulleys that are
anchored or fixed

ESS
ESS
MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE

ESS
ESS
 Mechanical Advantage

Angles:
Beware of creating wide angles
greater than 120 degrees because
of the load multiplying
characteristics of these angles

ESS
ESS
MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE / EFFECTS OF ANGLES

ESS
ESS
 Mechanical Advantage

Figure Eight Decender Device:

Batwing, Breaking system
Use a line tender when using
any single friction device in a
lowering system
ESS
ESS
ESS
ESS
 Rescue Rope
Synthetic, Flexible cordage designed
specifically for the purpose of supporting human
loads during rescue practices.
– 100% Nylon
– Static: Low stretch, desired for rescue
– Dynamic: High stretch, used when long falls are
expectedKernmantle Construction
– 85% strength in core
– 15% strength in sheath

ESS
ESS
 Rescue Rope Strengths

 Nylon high tensile strength

 Excellent resistance to abrasion
 Will not dry rot
 Resistant to extreme cold and heat
 Resistant to many common chemicals
 Minimum tensile strength 1/2 “ rescue
rope 9,200 lbs
ESS
ESS
 Rescue Rope Limitations

 Nylon loses 10 to 15 % of
strength when wet
 Can be damaged by chemicals

ESS
ESS
KERNMANTEL ROPE

ESS
ESS
RESCUE ROPE LOADS

ESS
ESS
 Rescue Rope Definitions
Life Safety Rope: Dedicated solely
for the purpose of supporting people in
emergency operations
One person rope: Designed to
support a one-person load

ESS
ESS
 Rescue Rope Definitions

Two person rope: Designed to

support a two-person load
Personal escape rope: One time
use, emergency self escape not
classified as a life safety rope.

ESS
ESS
 Rescue Rope Definitions

 Performance Requirements:
– One person rope = minimum
breaking strength 4500 lbs
– Two person rope = minimum
breaking strength 9000 lbs

ESS
ESS
 Anchoring Rescue Rope

 Anchors are the “foundation” of

the rope system
 If
Anchor point is questionable
use a secondary backup

ESS
ESS
 Anchoring Rescue Rope

 Proper Anchors:
– Structural Steel
– Bulk Concrete
– Window Washer Eyebolts
– Motor Vehicles
– Natural Anchors
ESS
ESS
 Anchoring Rescue Rope
 Proper Anchors:
 Motor Vehicles:
· Set the parking brake
· Chock all wheels
· Remove the keys
· Anchor to structural parts, frame, axles
· Place transmission in park or reverse if manual
transmission

ESS
ESS
ANCHOR POINTS

ESS
ESS
ANCHOR POINTS

ESS
ESS
 Rescue Knots

 Bending any rope causes a loss of

efficiency
 4:1 Rule

– No loss of efficiency in a rope as

long as it is bent around an object
at least 4 times its diameter.

ESS
ESS
 Rescue Knots

 Knot tying important steps:

– Dress the knot “make it look
pretty”
– Load the knot
– “Safety” the Knot

ESS
ESS
 Rescue Knots

 Figure Eight
– Used to stop the rope end from
moving through a device
 Figure Eight Follow-Through
– Allows the rescuer to tie the knot
around a anchor point with no open
ends
ESS
ESS
FIGURE EIGHT FOLLOW THROUGH or TRACER EIGHT

ESS
ESS
 Rescue Knots

 Bowline
– Used as a static anchor knot. Never
used as a running knot.

ESS
ESS
BOWLINE

ESS
ESS
 Rescue Knots

 Square Knot
– Used to bind two rope ends of the
same diameter together.
– MUST NOT BE USED FOR
BEARING HUMAN LOADS

ESS
ESS
SQUARE KNOT

ESS
ESS