THE WRITING

PROCESS

Prepared by: Maribel D. Fernandez https://

Ref.: Vibal E-book
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 MELC:
N11/12RWS-IVac-7;
EN11/12RWS-IVac-7.1;
EN11/12RWS-IVac-7.2
Identify the context in which a text was developed

a. Hypertext
b. Intertext

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 WHY DO YOU LIKE TO WRITE?

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 LESSON OUTCOMES:
After studying this lesson, the senior high school Student
should be able to:

-enumerate the steps in the writing process and the techniques

to use in each step;

-recognize texts and their specific properties;

-employ the writing conventions to be used in written texts:

and

-identify the specific techniques to use when dealing with

problems of grammar.

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Being able to write well is an indispensable skill necessary in
the academe and in the 21st century workplace. We all know
that writing is a complex arrangement of skills that is best
learned by breaking down the process. The writing process
includes a series of steps or stages to follow in creating a
completed piece of writing. Preparing and analyzing writing
step-by-step reduces the writer's block.

Most importantly, you may determine the benefits of

constructive feedback on your writing, because the process
includes peer and teacher assessments.

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 STAGES IN THE WRITING PROCESS
READ AND DISCUSS

Writing is a process because when one writes, the ideas go through a series of changes
or stages before the written text is finalized.
There are five Steps in the writing process as shown below.

prewriting drafting revising editing publishing

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1. Prewriting
Whatever it is one wants to write, it is important that planning
be done at this stage. Writer determines the purpose for writing and the
intended audience, chooses a topic, narrows down the topic, gathers detailed
ideas, and develops the controlling idea or thesis of the piece of writing.

Prewriting is all about generating ideas to write. This Stage is where you
think about the content of your writing. There are several activities you can do
to generate ideas and come up with content to write.

They include the following:

Brainstorming
It involves talking in a small group about ideas you can write about. Your
group will need a Secretary who will jot down the ideas you talk about. In
jotting down the ideas, the secretary will not give much attention to grammar,
spelling, punctuation or proper organization.

This is not the stage for writing good sentences and paragraphs. The secretary
can write in whatever way as long as the ideas are recorded. In doing
brainstorming, your group may browse through
magazines, newspapers, websites, and any other reference material.

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 Free writing
This involves doing brainstorming all by yourself. This means you are the
secretary. You will keep on jotting down whatever comes to your mind.
This activity is called free writing because you simply write down whatever comes
to your mind without regard to organization, punctuation, spelling, or grammar.

As a proactive writer, you can make it a good practice to keep a copy of useful
articles you encounter on any day. You can use this for future reference.

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Clustering
Oftentimes, the topic you think of is too broad for you to write about. The short
article you will write will not be enough to give a complete discussion of the
topic simply because it is too broad.

You will need to narrow down your topic so that it becomes narrow or limited
enough for you to write about. For example, you cannot write about education
because it is too broad. You will need to narrow it down for you to write several
paragraphs about your new topic. You can do this by doing clustering. In doing
this, you will write your broad topic in the middle of a piece of paper and write
lines connected to bubbles that become narrower as you go outward as shown in
the following graphic organizer.
This cluster is the graphic organizer you come up with when you do clustering.
Using a Venn Diagram
Sometimes you will be asked to write about the differences or similarities
between two things or concepts. This is called comparison and contrast.
If you write about the similarities between your two topics, then the article
you come up with is called a comparison. If you write about the
differences between your two topics, then the article you come up with is
called a contrast.

The very useful graphic organizer for this is called a Venn diagram. It is
composed of two intersecting circles. You write in the middle the
similarities between the two topics and write on the sides their
differences. The graphic
organizer below shows where to write similarities and differences.

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 Using a cause and effect tree
When you want to write about
causes and effects you can use a
graphic organizer called cause and
effect tree.

First, you draw a tree with roots.

You label each root as a cause.
Then you draw fruits and label
them as the effects.

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 Interviewing
When you want the opinion of experts or the point of view of several
individuals concerning a topic or issue, interviewing people is a very
good activity to do.
You need to prepare your questions ahead of time. You also need to write
down or record the responses of your interviewees. After the interview,
you need to summarize the responses you gathered. You may need help
from your teacher in doing this.

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 Conducting a survey
A survey involves making use of a questionnaire in which the people you ask
(called respondents) are able to write down quick responses to several questions.

The topics for your survey are ones that are very interesting and relevant for
you. This may include favorite celebrities, popular vacation places visited,
hobbies, etc. You can also conduct a survey about a timely issue and people's
feelings, ideas, and opinions about such issues. You may need the help of your
teacher in coming up with a survey questionnaire.

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Coming up with a topic outline
A topic outline is a list of main ideas and supporting details. They
are usually numbered using roman numerals and capital letters. Your
topic outline can help you organize your thoughts about the ideas
you will write about. In doing a topic outline, you need to make sure
that you put main ideas above details.

Main ideas are broader than supporting details. You also need to
make sure that the details actually support the main ideas. A topic
outline involves using words or phrases. The following is a topic
outline about the writing process.

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 The Writing Process
l. prewriting
A. generating ideas
B. prewriting activities
C. no format yet
II. Drafting
A. discovery drafts
B. planned drafts
Ill. Revising
A. thesis sentence
B. purpose. audience, genre
C. unity, coherence, and flow of ideas
IV. Editing
A. spelling
B. capitalization
C. grammar
D. organization
V. Publishing
A. choice Of audience
B. places for publishing
C. online publishing

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 Writing a reflection
When you are asked to attend, undergo, or experience an event, you may also be asked to give
a reflection. In this case, it would be good to write your reflection right after the experience so
that it would still be fresh in your memory. You may also talk about your reflection and record
it using a voice or video recorder and then write it down later.

Too often, you may be tempted to put off giving your reflection until near the deadline. By
this time, you would already be hard pressed to remember the details of your experiences.
This is especially true if there are multiple events you need to attend or experience.

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 Purpose, audience, and genre
Three important issues you need to decide on are purpose, audience, and genre. You need to be
settled about the actual purpose of your writing. You should have only one clear purpose for
writing; otherwise, your writing will
sound rambling and your readers will not be clear about what you are trying to accomplish in
your writing. You also need to decide the audience or expected readers of your written output.

You can have the same topic and purpose but the way you share it will be different depending
whether your audience are adults or teenagers, knowledgeable and trained professionals in
your field, or a more general audience. Your choice of audience will determine how much
clarification you need as well as explanation of technical terms, concepts, or processes.

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More importantly, your audience will determine the tone Of your writing. You
will have a more authoritative tone if you write to people who are subordinate to
you and a less authoritative one for people at the same level as you or higher.

You can also use a serious, funny, sentimental, or even emotionless tone. The
genre of your writing deals with what kind of output you will produce. Will it be
an editorial or op-ed? Will it be simply informative? Will you use a more artistic,
literary, or creative approach? The choice will be up to you or to the person to
whom you are accountable to.

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 2. Drafting.
In the drafting stage, the prewriting notes and sentences are turned into
paragraphs for the first draft. The draft has three important parts—the
introduction, body, and conclusion. The introduction must be strong enough to
grab the reader's attention and must include the thesis or controlling idea.

The body develops the controlling idea and presents details that elaborate on and
supports that idea. The conclusion, very often, restates the thesis and
summarizes the most important concepts of the paper.

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This is is the stage where you write your topic sentences. The topic sentences should be narrow
enough to be discussed in one paragraph. In fact, your topic sentences will be the starting point
for writing paragraphs. The topic sentence should not be too broad such that one paragraph is
not enough to discuss it. The drafting stage is also the stage where you come up with a good
thesis sentence.

A good thesis sentence summarizes all the topic sentences in one long sentence. In writing your
first draft, you need to learn to utilize the right words that will express your ideas according to
the purpose of your writing. Your words
must also correspond to the kind of audience you are writing to. For example, you need to avoid
the use of the words you or yours unless you are writing to your subordinates because you or
yours sends the feeling that you are authoritative over your readers especially when used many
times. The right words will also show if your writing expresses the kind of genre you want your
written output to become.

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 Ideas for Drafting
Make a discovery draft
Just start writing and let your feelings and ideas lead you in developing your topic. Let
your mind wander into concepts and ideas you may not have explored before.

Make a planned draft

Arrange your ideas in a certain way-in a topic outline or in a sentence outline before you
begin writing. A planned draft provides more structured writing.

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 3. Revising

Revising is going through the paper to see how well the issues
of purpose, audience, and genre have been addressed. Revising
is also checking if there are ways of improving the style, word
choice, figurative language, sentence variety, and subtlety of
meaning.

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Check for the following:
-inclusion of main idea/thesis statement
-use of precise nouns, verbs, and modifiers
-adequacy and balance of details and evidence
-unity, coherence, and logic of ideas
-consistency of point of view
-use of transitional words, phrases, and sentences
-variety of sentence types
-appropriateness of tone for audience and purpose

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4. Editing
Editing is the process of checking the accuracy of facts and correcting
errors in spelling, grammar, usage, and mechanics (spelling, punctuation, capitalization)

Check for the following:

-subject-verb agreement
-pronoun-antecedent agreement
-run-on sentences and sentence fragments
-capitalization and use of punctuation marks
-spelling of unfamiliar words
-usage of confusing word pairs
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 Most writers use a set of proofreading marks for this purpose.

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The stages drafting, revising, and editing can be cyclic. This means that you can
write a first draft and then revise and edit it. In doing so, you write a second
draft. This second draft will also be revised and edited. You then write a third
draft.

This will again undergo the stages of revising and editing. If it is satisfactory,
then you will no longer need to write a fourth draft; otherwise, you will have to
write a fourth draft and so on until your writing becomes satisfactory.

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 5. Publishing
Publishing is producing a final copy of a piece of writing and presenting it to an audience.
Decisions have to be made about which form will best reach the intended audience, and
accomplish the intended purpose.

For example, if you want to reach more readers, then you will want to publish your work
online in websites that are visited by many people. If your intended audience is your
schoolmates, then putting your work up in bulletin boards across the campus may be enough.

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Ideas for publishing:

• presenting orally in class through a report, speech, or dramatic

presentation

• posting on a bulletin board or on a blog

• creating a multimedia presentation

• publishing in a school paper, a local newspaper, or a literary magazine

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Avoiding two word verbs
Review Activity/Fixing Skills
Rewrite the following sentences, replacing the informal two-word verb with a more formal equivalent.

1. A primary education system was set up throughout Ireland as early as 1831.

2. This will cut down the amount of drug required and so the cost of treatment.

3. The material amenities of life have gone up in Western society.

4. The press reflected the living culture of the people; it could influence opinion and reinforce existing attitudes but it did not
come up with new forms of entertainment.

5. Thus, he should have looked into how the patient has coped previously.

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 Components of Good Writing
A well-written text is composed of an interesting introduction and
effective paragraphs, transitions, conclusions, and elaboration.

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Introduction
The introduction presents the thesis statement and should capture the reader's
attention. Some ways of introducing a piece of writing are as follows:

-begin with a thesis statement;

-use a surprising statement;
-provide a description;
-ask a question;
-relate an anecdote; and
-address the reader directly.

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Paragraphs
A paragraph is made up of sentences that work together to develop an idea or
accomplish a purpose. A good paragraph should exhibit unity and coherence.

Unity
A paragraph has unity when all the sentences support an explicit or implicit main idea.

Coherence
A paragraph is coherent when all the sentences are related to one another. Each sentence
follows logically to the next.

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 Transitions

Transitions are words, phrases, and sentences that show connections between details. Transitions can be
shown through the use of the following kinds of words:

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-time or sequence words, e.g.. first. second. then. next. finally. lastly;

-spatial order words, e.g., in front, behind, in the middle, next to it;

-degree of importance, e.g., mainly, strongest, weakest, most importantly, least

of all;

-comparison-and-contrast, e.g., similarly, unlike, whereas, in contrast to; and

-cause-effect. e.g., therefore, so, for this, in contrast to.

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Conclusion
A good conclusion sums up the ideas presented in the text. This can be shown through any of the following
forms:

-a restatement of the main idea or thesis in different words;

-a question;
-a recommendation;
-an opinion; and
-the last event.

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 Elaboration

Elaboration is the process Of providing specific, relevant, and appropriate

supporting details to the main idea or thesis statement through the use of:

-facts and statistics;

-descriptions;
-anecdotes;
-examples; and
-quotations.

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 Writing Traits

Good writing has specific qualities or traits. It is focused and coherent, well-organized,
uses clear ideas, identifiable voice, and accurate and appropriate language conventions.

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 Focus and Coherence
A piece of writing is focused and coherent if it keeps to the topic and is clear and
supported by well-chosen details. Furthermore, the ideas are well connected to each other
through the use of appropriate words, phrases, and sentences.

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 Organization

A well-organized paper has a clearly recognizable plan, that is, the ideas move from
sentence to sentence in a logical way and from paragraph to paragraph in an appropriate
organizational pattern.

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 Development of Ideas.
In a well-written paper, the ideas are clearly defined, logically developed, supported
by appropriate details, and connected in an interesting manner.

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 Voice
Voice connects the writer to the reader. A write/s voice is displayed through
his/her personal writing style and through his/her use of unique words and
phrases.

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 Conventions
Conventions refer to the correct use Of all spelling, punctuation,
capitalization, grammar, usage, and sentence structure rules.

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ACTIVITY: Critique this poem by Ezra Pound

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You can use the following questions to help you write your critique

1. Who do you think is the intended audience of the poem?

2. Did the tone of the poem clear? If yes, what is the purpose of the
poem?

3. Are there terms or ideas that were not clarified by the author? Explain
in your own words the ideas, concepts, or arguments presented by the
author.

4. Write a good conclusion.

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