DIFFERENTIAL

CALCULUS
DERIVATIVE

• dC = 0
• d(u^n) = nu^n-1 (du)
• d(u+v) = du + dv
• d(uv) = u dv + v du
• d(u/v) = (v du – u dv) / v²
• d(ln u) = du / u
• d(e^u) = e^u (du)
DERIVATIVE

• d(a^u) = a^u ln a du
• d(sin u) = cos u du
• d(cos u) = - sin u du
• d(tan u) = sec² u du
• d(cot u) = - csc² u du
• d(sec u) = sec u tan u du
• d(csc u) = - csc u cot u du
HIGHER DERIVATIVES

• D² / dx² or y’’ means 2nd derivative of y in respect to x

• D³ / dx³ or y’’’ means 3rd derivative of y in respect to x
DERIVATIVE OF IMPLICIT FUNCTION

• An equation f(x,y) = 0 defines y implicity as a function of x.

PARTIAL DERIVATIVES

• Given z = f(x,y)
• Dz/dx = partial derivative of z with respect to x with y as constant
• Dz/dy = partial derivative of z with respect to y with x as constant
• D²z/dx² = second partial derivative of z with respect to x with y as constant
• Zxyx = differentiate z first in terms of x with y as constant then differentiate in terms of y
with x as constant and finally differentiate in terms of x with y as constant
SLOPES, TANGENT LINES AND NORMAL LINES

• The slope of a tangent line is equal to the slope of the curve at the point of tangency. The
slope of a normal line (perpendicular line) is equal to the negative reciprocal of the slope of
the tangent line.
• Slope formula for curves = dy/dx
• Slope formula for polar curves = m = (r+r’ tanø) / (r’ – rtanø)
• Rectangular form: x = r cos ø ; y = r sin ø
• Solve parametric equations for dy and dx: m = dy/dx
• Angle ∅ between two intersecting curves: tan ø = (m2 – m1) / (1 + m2m1)
VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION

• Velocity is charge in distance with respect to time

• Acceleration is the change in velocity with respect to time

• V = ds/dt
• A = dv/dt = (d² S)/(dt²)
VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION IN PARAMETRIC
EQUATIONS
• V = √(dx/dt)² + (dy/dt)²

• A = √(d²x/dt²)² + (d²y/dt²)²
MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM POINT

• Maximum point of a curve is the highest point while the minimum is the lowest point of
the curve.
• Y’ = slope of the curve (m)
• Y’’ = rate of change of the slope
• Maximum point when y’ = 0 and y” = negative value
• Minimum point when y’ = 0 and y’’ = positive value
• Point of inflection when y” = 0