ARC 216 GROUP

ASSIGNMENT

Group members:

Dilichi E.
Isaac O.
Chigozirim I.
Success O.
Chidiebere N.
1. BUILDING
CLASSIFICATIONS
 FACTORS IN BUILDING
CLASSIFICATIONS
 On the surface, building classifications may seem simple to understand. However, once an
investor or tenant acquires a more thorough look, they may consider unexpected variables
in building classifications. Listed below are some key factors on how buildings are
classified:
 Building location or submarket
 Rental prices already being charged in a building’s submarket
 Materials and methods used during initial construction and/or current renovations.
 Building services and upkeep
 According to the Building Owners and Managers Association (BOMA), there are three
classifications a building can be given. These classifications are Class A, Class B,
and Class C.
- Class C buildings are buildings with the lowest rating a commercial building can
receive. Class C buildings fall into two categories: aging and neglected, in a suitable
location, or in good repair, in a less desirable location. Rents are on the lower end
and access to transportation retail establishments and restaurants varies, depending
on the building location. Class C buildings are typically older, further from major
freeways and are often functionally obsolete.
- Class B buildings are mainstream and functionally viable
buildings. Class B buildings contain more utilitarian features that offer common
floorplans and adornments. Likewise, class B buildings are usually not new
buildings equipped with the latest amenities or features. However, these buildings
offer plenty of cost-effective space solutions.
- Class A buildings are extremely desirable for business owners, investors, tenants,
and operation managers. Class A buildings are frequently in the most desirable
locations, provide efficient floorplans, offer unique layouts and first-class
amenities. Class A buildings can represent landmarks that are designed by well-
known architects. Most high-rise buildings are classified as class A buildings.
IN AUSTRALIA…
 The National Construction Code (NCC) sets out the minimum technical requirements for new
buildings (and new building work in existing buildings) in Australia. In doing so, it groups
buildings by their use. These groups are assigned a classification which is then how buildings
are referred to throughout the NCC. It is based on a national perspective and does not address
any state or territory variations. State and territory variations and additions to the NCC are
located in the NCC.
 Building classifications
 Building classifications are referenced in Section A of the Governing Requirements, Part A6 of
the NCC. Building classifications are labelled ‘Class 1’ through to ‘Class 10’. Some
classifications also have subclassifications, referred to by a letter after the number (e.g. Class
1a). A building may have parts with different uses. In most cases, each of these parts are
classified separately. A building (or part of a building) may also have more than one use and
may be assigned more than one classification. A building may also refer to a structure such as a
swimming pool.
Class 1 buildings are houses. Typically, they are standalone single dwellings of a domestic
or residential nature. These buildings can also be horizontally attached to other class 1
buildings. When attached they are commonly referred to as duplexes, terrace houses, row
houses and town houses. In these situations, they must be separated by a wall with fire-
resisting and sound insulation properties. The class 1 classification includes 2 sub-
classifications: class 1a and class 1b. A class 1a building is a single dwelling being a
detached house; or one of a group of attached dwellings being a town house, row house or
the like. A class 1b building is a boarding house, guest house or hostel that has a floor area
less than 300 m2 and ordinarily has less than 12 people living in it. It can also be 4 or more
single dwellings located on one allotment which are used for short-term holiday
accommodation. Class 1 buildings cannot be located above or below any other dwelling (or
any other class of building) other than a private garage.

Class 2 buildings are apartment buildings. They are typically multi-unit residential buildings
where people live above and below each other. The NCC describes the space considered as
an apartment as a sole-occupancy unit (SOU). Class 2 buildings may also be single storey
attached dwellings with a common space below. For example, 2 dwellings above a common
basement or carpark.
Class 3 applies to residential buildings other than class 1 or class 2 buildings, or a
class 4 part of a building. Class 3 buildings are a common place of long term or
transient living for a number of unrelated people. Examples include a boarding
house, guest house, hostel or backpackers (that are larger than the limits for a class
1b building). Class 3 buildings could also include dormitory style accommodation,
or workers’ quarters for shearers or fruit pickers. Class 3 buildings may also be
‘care-type’ facilities such as accommodation buildings for children, the elderly, or
people with disability, which are not class 9 buildings.

A class 4 part of a building is a sole dwelling or residence within a building of a

non-residential nature. An example of a class 4 part of a building would be a
caretaker’s residence in a storage facility. A class 4 part can only be located in a
class 5 to 9 building.

Class 5 buildings are office buildings used for professional or commercial purposes.
Examples of class 5 buildings are offices for lawyers, accountants, government
agencies and architects.
Class 6 buildings are typically shops, restaurants and cafés. They are a place for the
sale of retail goods or the supply of services direct to the public. Some examples
are: • A dining room, bar, shop or kiosk part of a hotel or motel. • A hairdresser or
barber shop. • A public laundry. • A market or showroom. • A funeral parlour. • A
shopping centre.

Class 7 buildings are storage-type buildings. The class 7 classification has 2 sub-
classifications: class 7a and class 7b.
Class 7a buildings are carparks.
Class 7b buildings are typically warehouses, storage buildings or buildings for the
display of goods (or produce) for wholesale.

A factory is the most common way to describe a class 8 building. It’s a building in
which a process (or handicraft) is carried out for trade, sale, or gain. The building
can be used for production, assembling, altering, repairing, finishing, packing, or
cleaning of goods or produce. It includes buildings such as a mechanic’s workshop.
It may also be a building for food processing, such as an abattoir.
Class 9 buildings are buildings of a public nature. The class 9 classification has
three sub-classifications: class 9a, class 9b and class 9c.
Class 9a buildings are generally hospitals, referred to as health-care buildings in the
NCC. They are buildings in which occupants or patients undergo medical treatment
and may need physical assistance to evacuate in the case of an emergency. This
includes a clinic (or day surgery) where the effects of the treatment administered
involve patients becoming unconscious or unable to move. This in turn requires
supervised medical care (on the premises) for some time after treatment has been
administered.
Class 9b buildings are assembly buildings in which people may gather for social,
theatrical, political, religious or civil purposes. They include schools, universities,
childcare centres, pre-schools, sporting facilities, night clubs, or public transport
buildings.
Class 9c buildings are residential care buildings that may contain residents who
have various care level needs. They are a place of residence where 10% or more of
persons who reside there need physical assistance in conducting their daily
activities and to evacuate the building during an emergency. An aged care building,
where residents are provided with personal care services, is a class 9c building.
• CLASS 10 BUILDINGS OR STRUCTURES
Class 10 buildings are non-habitable buildings or structures.
Class 10 includes three sub-classifications: class 10a, class
10b and class 10c.
Class 10a buildings are non-habitable buildings including
sheds, carports, and private garages.
Class 10b is a structure being a fence, mast, antenna, retaining
wall, swimming pool, or the like.
A class 10c building is a private bushfire shelter. A private
bushfire shelter is a structure associated with, but not attached
to, a class 1a building.
MIXED USE BUILDINGS
AS BUILDINGS CAN HAVE MIXED USES, THEY CAN ALSO HAVE
MIXED (OR MULTIPLE) CLASSIFICATIONS. FOR EXAMPLE, A
BUILDING MAY HAVE A BASEMENT CARPARK (CLASS 7A) WITH
GROUND FLOOR RETAIL SPACE (CLASS 6) AND RESIDENTIAL
APARTMENTS (CLASS 2) AND OFFICES ABOVE (CLASS 5).

MULTIPLE BUILDING CLASSIFICATIONS

A BUILDING (OR A PART OF A BUILDING) MAY BE DESIGNED TO
SERVE MULTIPLE PURPOSES AND MAY HAVE MORE THAN ONE
CLASSIFICATION. THIS MEANS THAT IT IS PERMISSIBLE FOR A
BUILDING TO BE CLASS 6/7, OR CLASS 5/6, OR WHATEVER IS
DEEMED APPROPRIATE. THIS ALLOWS FLEXIBILITY IN HOW THE
BUILDING MIGHT BE USED. FOR EXAMPLE, IF A BUILDING IS
INTENDED FOR RETAIL SHOPPING, STORAGE OR OFFICE SPACE,
IT MAY BE DESIGNED AS A CLASS 5/6/7 BUILDING. AT THE
DESIGN STAGE IT MAY NOT BE CLEAR WHO THE FINAL TENANT
WILL BE (OR HOW THEY WILL BE USING THEIR TENANCY), SO AS
LONG AS THE DESIGN MEETS THE MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS OF
ALL THE CLASSIFICATIONS IT COULD BE USED FOR ANY OF THE
REFERENCES
 https://www.lee-associates.com/orange/understanding-building-classifications/
 https://www.abcb.gov.au/sites/default/files/resources/2022/UTNCC-Building-classifications.P
DF
2. HOUSE TYPES
INTRODUCTION
 Houses can be built in a large variety of configurations. A basic division is between free-
standing or single-family detached homes and various types of attached or multi-family
residential dwellings. Both may vary greatly in scale and the amount of accommodation
provided.
WAYS OF CLASSIFYING
HOUSE TYPES
 By layout
 By construction methods and materials

Also, some buildings may be classified under a completely different category such as:
 Mobile dwellings.
 CLASSIFICATION BY LAYOUT
 Hut: A hut is a dwelling of relatively
simple construction, usually one room and
one story in height. The design and
materials of huts vary widely around the
world.
 Bungalow: Bungalow is a common term
applied to a low one-story house with a
shallow-pitched roof (in some
locations, dormered varieties are referred to
as 1.5-story, such as the chalet bungalow in
the United Kingdom).
 Cottage: A cottage is a small house,
usually one story in height, although the
term is sometimes applied to larger
structures.
 Ranch: A ranch-style house or rambler is
one-story, low to the ground, with a low-pitched
roof, usually rectangular, L- or U-shaped with
deep overhanging eaves
 I-house: An I-house is a two-story house that is
one room deep with a double-pen, hall-parlor,
central-hall or saddlebag layout.
- New England I-house: characterized by a
central chimney
- Pennsylvania I-house: characterized by internal
gable-end chimneys at the interior of either side
of the house
- Southern I-house: characterized by external
gable-end chimneys on the exterior of either side
of the house
 Gablefront  Split-level: Split-level house is a design
of house that was commonly built during
 A gablefront house or gablefront
the 1950s and 1960s. It has two nearly
cottage has a gable roof that faces equal sections that are located on two
its street or avenue, as in the novel The different levels, with a short stairway in
House of Seven Gables. the corridor connecting them.
 A-frame: so-called because the steep
- Bi-level, split-entry, or raised ranch
roofline, reaching to or near the ground,
makes the gable ends resemble a capital - Tri-level, quad-level, quintlevel etc.
letter A.
 Tower: A tower house is a compact two
 Chalet: a gablefront house built into a or more story house, often fortified.
mountainside with a wide sloping roof
 Longhouse: A longhouse is historical
 Charleston single house: originating house type typically for family groups.
in Charleston, South Carolina, a narrow
house with its shoulder to the street and
front door on the side.
 Housebarn
 A housebarn is a combined house and
barn.
 Courtyard house
 Riad: a type of courtyard house found in
Morocco
 Siheyuan: a type of courtyard house found in
China
 Snout house: a house with the garage door
being the closest part of the dwelling to the
street.
 Octagon house: a house of symmetrical
octagonal floor plan, popularized briefly
during the 19th century by Orson Squire
Fowler
 Stilt house: is a house built on stilts above a
body of water or the ground (usually in
swampy areas prone to flooding).
 Villa: a large house which one might retreat to
in the country. Villa can also refer to a
freestanding comfortable-sized house, on a
large block, generally found in the suburbs,
and in Victorian terraced housing, a house
larger than the average byelaw terraced house,
 Mansion: a very large, luxurious house,
typically associated with exceptional
wealth or aristocracy, usually of more
than one story, on a very large block of
land or estate.
Mansions usually will have many more
rooms and bedrooms than a typical
single-family home, including specialty
rooms, such as a library,
study, conservatory, theater, greenhouse,
infinity pool, bowling alley, or server
room.
 Palace: the residence of a high
ranking government official or the
country's ruler.
 Castle: a heavily
fortified medieval dwelling or a house
styled after medieval castles. Usually
with towers, crenellations,
a stone exteriors.
BY CONSTRUCTION METHOD
AND MATERIALS
 Airey house: a type of low-cost house that was
developed in the United Kingdom during the 1940s
by Sir Edwin Airey, and then widely constructed
between 1945 and 1960 to provide housing for
soldiers, sailors, and airmen who had returned home
from World War II. These are recognizable by
their precast concrete columns and by their walls
made of precast "ship-lap" concrete panels.
 Assam-type House: an earthquake-resistant house
type commonly found in the northeastern states of
India
 Bastle house: a fortified farmhouse found in England
and Scotland
 Castle: primarily a defensive structure/dwelling built
during the Dark Ages and the Middle Ages, and also
during the 18th century and the 19th century.
 Converted barn: an old barn converted into a house
or other use.
 Earth sheltered: houses using dirt ("earth") piled against it
exterior walls for thermal mass, which reduces heat flow into
or out of the house, maintaining a more steady
indoor temperature
 Pit-house: a prehistoric house type used on many continents and of
many styles, partially sunken into the ground.
 Rammed earth
 Sod house
 Souterrain: an earthen dwelling typically deriving from Neolithic
Age or Bronze Age times.
 Underground home: a type of dwelling dug and constructed
underground. Ex. A Rammed-Earth Style House
 Yaodong: a dugout used as an abode or shelter in northern China,
especially on the Loess Plateau
 Wattle and daub
 Adobe: a type of mudbrick house made of dirt and straw with mud
used as mortar. Found throughout the world, in particular Spain,
North Africa, the Middle East and the Americas.
 Igloo: an Inuit, Yup'ik, and Aleut seasonal
or emergency shelter that was made of
knife-sliced blocks of packed snow and/or
ice in the Arctic regions of Alaska,
Canada, Greenland, and Siberian Russia.
 Log home, Log cabin: a house built by
American, Canadian, and
Russian frontiersmen and their families
which was built of solid,
unsquared wooden logs and later as a well
crafted style of dwelling
 Plank house: a general term for houses
built using planks in a variety of ways
 Pole house: a timber house in which a set
of vertical poles carry the load of all of its
suspended floors and roof, allowing all of
its walls to be non-load-bearing.
 Prefabricated house: a house whose main
structural sections were manufactured in
a factory, and then transported to their final
building site to be assembled upon
a concrete foundation, which had to be
poured locally.
 Manufactured house: a prefabricated
house that is assembled on the permanent
site on which it will sit.
 Modular home: a prefabricated house that
consists of repeated sections called modules.
 Lustron house: a type of prefabricated
house
 Stilt houses or Pile dwellings: houses
raised on stilts over the surface of the soil
or a body of water.
 Tree house: a house built among the
branches or around the trunk of one or
more mature trees and does not rest on the
ground.
 Et cetera.
MOVABLE
DWELLINGS
 Chattel house: a small wooden house occupied by working-class people on Barbados. Originally
relocatable; personal chattel (property) rather than fixed real property.
 Mobile home, park home, or trailer home: a prefabricated house that is manufactured off-site and
moved by trailer to its final location (but not intended to be towed regularly by a vehicle)
 Recreational vehicle or RV: a motor vehicle or trailer that can be used for habitation
 Travel trailer, camper or caravan: a trailer designed to be used as a residence (usually temporarily),
which must be towed regularly by a vehicle and cannot move under its own power
 Tiny house: a dwelling, usually built on a trailer or barge, that is 500 square feet (46 m2) or smaller,
built to look like a small house and suitable for long-term habitation
 Houseboat includes float houses: a boat designed to be primarily used as a residence
 Tent: a temporary, movable dwelling usually constructed with fabric covering a frame of lightweight
wood or other locally-available material
 Tipi: a conical tent originating in North America
 Yurt: a round tent with a conical roof originating in Central Asia
REFERENCES
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_house_types
3. CONSTRUCTION
INDUSTRY
DEFINITIONS
 The branch of manufacture and trade based on the building, maintaining, and repairing structures.
This includes drilling and solid mineral exploration.
 Construction is a vast industry that is made up of many types of building and civil engineering jobs.
The construction industry includes jobs in carpentry, road construction, bridge development, and
home design. This industry is one of the largest in the world because it is responsible for creating the
infrastructure for cities, towns, and countries.
 Building and Construction Industry means all building construction and all heavy, highway and
engineering construction, including but not limited to the construction, erection, alteration, repair,
modification, demolition, addition or improvement in whole or in part of any building, structure,
street (including sidewalk, curb and gutter), highway, bridge, viaduct, railroad, tunnel, airport, water
supply, irrigation, flood control and drainage system, sewer and sanitation project, dam, power-
house, refinery, aqueduct, canal, river and harbor project, wharf, dock, breakwater, jetty, quarrying
of breakwater or riprap stone, or any other operation incidental to such construction work, including
renovation work, maintenance work, mill-cabinet or furniture manufacturing or repair work or
installation of any modular systems or any other premanufactured materials preformed for any
public or private employer. (Section 1.10 of the Annuity Plan Rules and Regulations)
 PARTS OF THE
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
 Building Construction Industry: All general contractors and operative builders primarily
engaged in the construction of residential, farm, industrial, commercial, or other buildings.
 Heavy Construction Industry: All general contractors primarily engaged in heavy
construction other than building, such as highways and streets, bridges, sewers, railroads,
irrigation projects, and flood control projects and marine construction. This includes
special trade contractors primarily engaged in activities not normally performed on
buildings, such as highway grading or underwater rock removal. This does not include
special trade contractors primarily engaged activities performed on buildings.
 Special Trade Construction Industry: All special trade contractors who undertake
activities of a type that are specialized either to building construction, including work on
mobile homes, or to both building and nonbuilding projects. This includes projects such as
painting, electrical work, plumbing, etc. This does not include activities specialized for
heavy construction.
IN SOME OTHER PARTS OF
THE WORLD…
 Broadly, there are three sectors of construction: buildings, infrastructure and industrial:

- Building construction is usually further divided into residential and non-residential.

- Infrastructure, also called heavy civil or heavy engineering, includes large public works, dams, bridges,
highways, railways, water or wastewater and utility distribution.
- Industrial construction includes offshore construction (mainly of energy installations), mining and
quarrying, refineries, chemical processing, power generation, mills and manufacturing plants.
 The industry can also be classified into sectors or markets. For example, Engineering News-
Record (ENR), a US-based construction trade magazine, has compiled and reported data about the size
of design and construction contractors. In 2014, it split the data into nine market segments:
transportation, petroleum, buildings, power, industrial, water, manufacturing, sewer/waste, telecom,
hazardous waste, and a tenth category for other projects. ENR used data on transportation, sewer,
hazardous waste and water to rank firms as heavy contractors.
 The Standard Industrial Classification and the newer North American Industry Classification
System classify companies that perform or engage in construction into three subsectors: building
construction, heavy and civil engineering construction, and specialty trade contractors. There are also
categories for professional services firms (e.g., engineering, architecture, surveyin, project
management).
 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
Building construction is the process of adding structures to areas of land, also known as real
property sites. Typically, a project is instigated by or with the owner of the property (who
may be an individual or an organisation); occasionally, land may be compulsorily
purchased from the owner for public use.
 Residential construction: Residential construction may be undertaken by individual land-
owners (self-build), by specialist house-builders, by property developers, by general
contractors, or by providers of public or social housing (e.g.: local authorities, housing
associations). Where local zoning or planning policies allow, mixed-use developments may
comprise both residential and non-residential construction (e.g.: retail, leisure, offices,
public buildings, etc.).
 Non-residential construction: Depending upon the type of building, non-residential
building construction can be procured by a wide range of private and public organisations,
including local authorities, educational and religious bodies, transport undertakings,
retailers, hoteliers, property developers, financial institutions and other private companies.
Most construction in these sectors is undertaken by general contractors.
CIVIL ENGINEERING (INFRASTRUCTURE
CONSTRUCTION)
 Civil engineering covers the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and
naturally built environment, including public works such as roads, bridges, canals, dams,
tunnels, airports, water and sewerage systems, pipelines, and railways. [12][13] Some general
contractors have expertise in civil engineering; civil engineering contractors are firms
dedicated to work in this sector, and may specialise in particular types of infrastructure.
INDUSTRIAL CONSTRUCTION
 Industrial construction includes offshore construction (mainly of energy installations: oil and
gas platforms, wind power), mining and quarrying, refineries, breweries, distilleries and other
processing plants, power stations, steel mills, warehouses and factories.
REFERENCES
 https://www.hq.nasa.gov/iwgsdi/Construction.html
 https://www.aboutmechanics.com/what-is-the-construction-industry.htm
 https://www.lawinsider.com/dictionary/building-and-construction-industry
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction#Construction_industry_sectors
4. SOURCES OF
INFORMATION IN THE
CONSTRUCTION
INDUSTRY
 Two factors combined in the United Kingdom to make improved communications a more important subject
than had been the case previously. On the one hand the building industry is fragmented, in that design and
construction are usually undertaken separately, the former by firms of professional architects, quantity
surveyors and engineers usually working independently, the latter by contractors supported by a large
number of specialist subcontractors. Conventionally, the design professions produce a complete and fully
detailed design supported by specifications and bills of quantities, although usually some details are
available only after work on site has commenced. On the basis of these documents contractors tender
competitively, most contractors undertaking only a proportion of the total work, the remainder being
undertaken by specialist subcontractors, some of whom are appointed directly by the client and others who
work directly to the main contractors. Hence, at the tender stage in particular, there is need for clear and
complete information. Additionally during design and construction there is a continuing requirement for
information to be passed quickly and reliably between organizations. The basic system (Figure 1) only hints
at the number of organizations involved in design and construction and the complex flow of information.
Hence the importance, and growing importance, of a reliable, universal and efficient flow of information.

Citation
 Bishop, D. (1972), "Information flow in the construction industry: a study and the development of its
recommendations", Aslib Proceedings, Vol. 24 No. 2, pp. 79-95. https://doi.org/10.1108/eb050323
REFERENCES
 https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/eb050323/full/html
5. MACHINES AND
EQUIPMENT IN THE
CONSTRUCTION
INDUSTRY
 INTRODUCTION
 Construction machinery, also known as construction equipment, consists of a variety of
heavy machines used in the construction industry. These machines are used to perform
work such as loading and unloading materials, driving material and tools into and out of
the site, moving materials from one location to another, feeding material into a machine
for processing, retrieving materials from a machine for processing or handling of raw
materials by transporting them to another location for processing, cutting down trees or
other vegetation and the like. Various types of construction equipment are generally
categorized into;
 Earth Moving Equipment
 Construction Vehicles
 Material Handling Equipment
 Other Construction Equipment
EARTHMOVING EQUIPMENT
 Earthmoving equipment is used to carry  Excavators
out various excavation tasks such as
 Backhoe
digging and moving the earth. Different
types of earth-moving equipment have  Loaders
unique applications and are primarily used
 Bulldozers
for repairing, constructing, elevating,
agriculture, and demolition. Skid Steer Loaders
 Following are the earth-moving equipment  Trenchers
primarily used in construction projects.  Motor Graders
 Motor Scrapers
 Crawler Loaders
 Wheeled Loading Shovel
CONSTRUCTION VEHICLES MATERIAL HANDLING EQUIPMENT

 Dumpers  Cranes
 Tippers  Conveyers
 Trailers  Forklifts
 Hoists
CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT
 Tunneling and Handling Equipment
 Concrete Mixers
 Road Making Machines
 Road Rollers
 Hot mix plants
 Stone crushers
 Slurry seal machines
 Heavy-duty pumps (Slurry pumps)
REFERENCES
 https://www.constructionplacements.com/construction-equipment/#gsc.tab=0
THANK YOU!