File permissions

chmod command contains three components:

User Category: U=user, G=group, O=other (world)
Operation to be performed: Grant (+), Denial(-)
and assign (=)
Type of permission: read, write, execute
 File permissions

There are two ways to set permissions when

using the chmod command:
Symbolic mode:
testfile has permissions of -r--r--r--
U G O*
$ chmod g+x testfile ==> -r--r-xr--
$ chmod u+wx testfile ==> -rwxr-xr--
$ chmod ug-x testfile ==> -rw--r--r--
$ chmod a=r testfile -r--r--r--
U=user, G=group, O=other (world)
 File permissions cont.

Absolute mode:
We use octal (base eight) values represented like this:
Letter Permission Value
R read 4
W write 2
X execute 1
- none 0

For each column, User, Group or Other you can set

values from 0 to 7. Here is what each means:
0= --- 1= --x 2= -w- 3= -wx
4= r-- 5= r-x 6= rw- 7= rwx
 File permissions cont.

Numeric mode cont:

Example index.html file with typical permission values:
$ chmod 755 index.html
$ ls -l index.html
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root wheel 10 May 14 06:20 index.html

$ chmod 644 index.html

$ ls -l index.html
-rw-r--r-- 1 root wheel 10 May 14 06:20 index.html
 Inherited permissions

Two critical points:

1.The permissions of a directory affect whether
someone can see its contents or add or
remove files in it.
2.The permissions on a file determine what a
user can do to the data in the file.
Example:
If you don't have write permission for a directory, then
you can't delete a file in the directory. If you have write
access to the file you can update the data in the file.
grep Command

grep - "general regular expression parser“

• Search command for UNIX.
• Used to search for text strings and regular
expressions within one or more files.
grep family
grep - uses regular expressions for pattern
matching
fgrep - file grep, does not use regular expressions,
only matches fixed strings but can get search
strings from a file
egrep - extended grep, uses a more powerful set of
regular expressions, generally the fastest member
of the grep family
Common grep Command Options

grep [options] pattern [files]

-c Display the number of matched lines.
-h Display the matched lines, but do not display the filenames.
-i Ignore case sensitivity.
-l Display the filenames, but do not display the matched lines.
-n Display the matched lines and their line numbers.
-v Display all lines that do NOT match.
-w Match whole word.
-e Matches multiple patterns
grep -c “Alex” my_file.htm
grep –c “Alex” my_file your_file
grep -e “bat” -e “but” my_file.htm
grep and Wildcards

Dot ( . ) – matches 1 character

Asterisks ( * ) – matches multiple characters
Examples:
grep b.g myfile  finds the words “big”, “bag”

grep b*k myfile  finds the word “back”, “buck”,

“book”
grep and Regular Expressions

A "regular expression" is a pattern that

describes a set of strings.
Regular expressions are used when you want
to search for specific lines of text containing
a particular pattern.
grep and Regular Expressions
^ (Caret) = match expression at the start of a line, as in ^A.
$ (Dollar Sign) = match expression at the end of a line, as in A$.
\ (Back Slash) = turn off the special meaning of the next character, as in \
^.
[ ] (Brackets) = match any one of the enclosed characters, as in [aeiou].
Use Hyphen "-" for a range, as in [0-9].
[^ ] = match any one character except those enclosed in [ ], as in [^0-9].
grep and Regular Expressions
grep bob files {search files for lines with ‘bob'}
grep '^bob' files {‘bob' at the start of a line}
grep ‘bob$' files {‘bob' at the end of a line}
grep '^bob$' files {lines containing only ‘bob'}
grep '\^b' files {lines starting with '^b', "\" escapes the ^}
grep '[Bb]mug' files {search for ‘Bmug' or ‘bmug'}
grep 'B[O][bB]' files {search for BOB, BOb}
grep '^$' files {search for empty lines}
grep '[0-9][0-9]' files {search for pairs of numeric digits}
Piping in linux/ pipe command

The Pipe command lets you use two or more

commands such that output of one
command serves as input to the next. In
short, the output of each process acts as
input to the next one like a pipeline. The
symbol '|' denotes a pipe.
Pipes help you combine two or more
commands at the same time and run them
consecutively.
$ls -l | grep "Aug"
-rw-rw-rw- 1 john doc 11008 Aug 6 14:10 ch02
-rw-rw-rw- 1 john doc 8515 Aug 6 15:30 ch07
-rw-rw-r-- 1 john doc 2488 Aug 15 10:51 intro
-rw-rw-r-- 1 carol doc 1605 Aug 23 07:35 macros $