INTRODUCTION

COMMUNICATION plays a vital role in our

day-to-day activities, so it is necessary to
adopt to it. In order to understand and to
be understood genuinely, it is very
significant to be virtouso to the four macro-
skills of communication: speaking,
listening, reading , and writing.
WRITING
is the process of choosing the
appropriate letters, characters, and
symbols to be written in a paper or
encoded in a computer. It is a skill
that you should hone in order to
express ideas, concepts, or feelings
in a nonverbal way.
 READING
is an act of decoding the letters, characters, or
symbols that were written, posted, or published. It is
a skill that involves critical thinking in order to fully
understand the texts or symbols read. It is reading
that plays a significant role in your learning because
it directs you to the path of infinite potentials to gain
information, to learn new skills, to grasp reality, to
explore the world, to unveil the truths, and to discover
greatest treasures in life.
Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, students are expected to:

1. Compare and contrast patterns of

written texts across disciplines;

2. Evaluate a written text based on its

properties (organization, coherence and
cohesion, language use and mechanics)
When you want to write, it is very
significant to know first your primary
purpose because it will help you to
determine the patterns of
development in writing to be utilized.
 The 8 patterns of development are:
1. Cause-Effect
2. Classification
3. Comparison-Contrast-
4. Definition -
5. Description-
6. Narration
7.Persuasion
8. Problem-Solution
CAUSE AND EFFECT
A Cause and Effect present why something
happens, what causes it, what are the effects, and
how it is related to something else. It is a
relationship between an action and a reaction
where an action if taken, would result in a reaction.
The cause is a reason for an action or condition
that brings an effect while the effect is something
that follows an antecedet (such as a cause or agent)
Cue words to signify cause and effect
Cause: A cause of, because of, for, due
to, as, and since

Effect: Therefore, consequently, so, so

that, thus, the explanation for, and
accordingly
CLASSIFICATION
-classifies items or things into their parts, types, kinds, or
categories

SIGNAL WORDS: a part of, a kind of, a group of, a way of,
a class of, an example of, divided into, and comprised of.
COMPARISON AND CONTRAST
Comparison involves the identification of
similarities of atleast two things, ideas,
concepts, or persons being compared.

Contrast ecompasses the identification

of differences between or among two
subjects or topics.
SIGNAL WORDS:

Comparison: Similarly, in like

manner, and in the same way

Contrast: On the contrary, the

opposite, compared to, in contrast,
although, unless, however
DEFINITION
- explains what something is in comparison to
other members of its class, along with any
limitations
-it explains the nature of something and moves
beyond a dictionary definition to deeply examine
the word, idea, or concept as we use and
understand it
-it expounds the word, concept, or idea to the
reader
 WHY FREEDOM?
By F. Sionil Jose
My novel Sherds which some consider as my very best, details
the poignant relationship between PG Golangco, a rich and
accomplished potter, and his poor and beautiful protege, Guia
Espiritu. Beyond the narrative level, I like to consider it as an
elegiac meditation on art, truth , and freedom. All these are, of
course, beautiful abstractions, inane and meaningless. If they are
not given value-social, political, national, and even personal.
What is freedom? What is truth? Are they useful?
Freedom itself maybe the root of injustice. A billionaire publisher,
righteously claiming freedom as is beacon may oppress his
employees, intimidate his rivals or corrupt officials to protect and
enlarge his empire. Freedom then becomes a social menace.
Freedom as value as discussed in Sherds.
In a major scene, the potter artist, PG
Golngo is asked: “Do you believe in art as
social protest? Goya and Picasso used
their art politically.”

Golangco replies: “I would ask you to

permit any artist all the freedom he needs.
The artist is free to determine his
purpose.”
The artist is challenged by an academic. “Freedom is
a political condition. And you have freedom because
you are very rich and can afford to speak your mind,
because you do not care whatever the consequences.
Mr. Golangco, you are free because you have the
influence and the money to buy your freedom. But
what about the artists of the people? Who are not
pampered like you? Who are denied this precious
freedom?

Yes, indeed,how can the poor be free?

By praying, by striving, by revolution perhaps?
In the end, freedom needs no logic, no reason. It is man’s fate,
his ultimate destiny.
There is no insurmountable barrier to this desire to be free.
No dictator’s lash ,no tyrant’s sword can halt this striving for
it man’s pre-determined purpose, entwined with every fiber in
his being, a programmed culmination, the butterfly emerging
from the cocoon, the sperm and the ovum becoming and the
river flowing to the sea to become the sweet air we breathe.

But take care for this freedom is also very fragile and needs
constant nurturing. It lives only in the heart where it is often
neglected or abused. If it dies there, no power on earth can
ever bring it back to life.
In dealing with definition as a pattern of written text,
you will always encounter denotation and
connotation.
DENOTATION is the literal meaning of a word which
means that consulting the dictionary is the best way for
it
CONNOTATION is the feeling or idea that the word
suggests to its literal meaning
-it is an expression of how one perceives a
word based on his/her background experiences.
Examples:
Word: “Snake”
Denotation: a long, legless reptile
Connotation: deception, danger, and fear

Word: “Cheap”
Denotation: low in price
Connotation: immature, silly, and lacking serioussness

Word: “Slim”
Denotation: having a slender or thin body
Connotation: attractive, fit, and healthy
Instructions: For each given word, write down its
denotation and then provide at least one connotation.
1. HOUSE 4. BOLD
Denotation: ________________ Denotation: ________________
Connotation: _______________ Connotation:________________
2. OLD 5. DIRT
Denotation: ________________ Denotation: _________________
Connotation:________________ Connotation: ________________
3. BRAVE
Denotation: ________________
Connotation:________________
DESCRIPTION
- refers to identifying concrete details about
appearances, characteristics, and actions.

Adjectives and adverbs are abundant in descriptive

texts. Adjectives are used to denote quality, to
indicate quantity or extent, or to specify a thing as
distinct from something else, and adverbs used to
modify verb,adjectives, or another adverb can be
used to signal description.
 Example:
How My Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife(An Excerpt)
By Manuel E. Arguilla
She stepped down from the carretela of Ca Celin with a quick, delicate
grace. She was lovely. She was tall. She looked up to my brother with
a smile, and her forehead was on a level with his mouth.
“You are Baldo,’’ she said and placed her hand lightly on my shoulder.
Her nails were long, but they were not painted. She was fragrant like a
morning when papayas are in bloom. And a small dimple appeared
momently high on her right cheek. “And this is Labang of whom I have
heard so much.’’ She held the wrist of one hand with the other and
looked at Labang, and Labang never stopped chewing his cud. He
swallowed and brought up to his mouth more cud and the sound of
his insides
was like a drum.
I laid a hand on Labang’s massive neck and said
to her : “You may scratch his forehead now.”
She hesitated and I saw that her eyes were on
the long, curving horns. But she came and
touched Labang’s forehead with her long fingers,
and Labang never stopped chewing his cud
except that his big eyes half closed. And by and
by, she was scratching his forehead very
daintily.
 NARRATION
-deals with stories
-when you write a narrative, you are expected to tell a story,
whether it is real or imaginary
-you use your creativity and imagination on how are you going
to bring your characters to life in the minds of your reader
-writing a story is not only about how you vividly describes
your characters, how you amazingly knitted your plot, how you
have perfectly chosen your settings, how you flawlessly
showcased your tone and style of writing, but it is also about
how you sincerely touched your readers’ hearts and how you
effectively made a difference in their lives
ELEMENTS OF NARRATIVE
WRITING
1. characters 5. Theme
2. Setting 6. Tone
3. Plot 7. Style
4. Point of view 8. Conflict
 THE MONKEY AND THE
CROCODILE
One day, a monkey saw a tall macopa tree laden with ripe
fruits, which stood by a wide river. It was hungry, so it climbed
the tree and ate all of the fruits. When it climed down, it could
find no means by which to cross the river. Then it saw a young
crocodile who had just woken up from its siesta. It said to the
crocodile in a friendly way, “My dear crocodile, will you do me a
favor?”
The crocodile was greatly surprised by the monkey’s
amicable salutation. So, it answered humbly, “Oh, yes! If there is
anything I can do for you, I shall glad to do it.” The monkey then
told the crocodile that it wanted to get to the other side of the
river. Then the crocodile said, “I’ll take you there with all my
heart. Just sit on my back, and we’ll go at once.”
 The monkey sat firmly on the crocodile’s back, and they
began to move. In a short while, they reached the middle of the
stream. Then the crocodile began to laugh aloud. “You foolish
monkey!” it said, “I’ll eat your liver and kidneys, for I’m very
hungry.” The monkey became nervous. Trying to conceal its
anxiety, it said, “I’m very glad that you mentioned the matter. I
thought myself that you might be hungry, so I have prepared my
liver and kidneys for your dinner. Unfortunately, in our haste to
depart, I left them hanging on the macopa tree. Let us return, and
I’ll get them for you.”
Convinced that the monkey was telling the truth, the
crocodile turned around and swam back in the direction of the
macopa tree. When they got near
the riverbank, the monkey nimbly jumped up onto the land and
scampered up the tree. The crocodile came to realize what
happned and said, “I am a fool.”
FABLE
- is a story that teaches a lesson or conveys a moral
-features animal characters or inanimate objects
that behave like people.

Trivia:
The monkey is a common animal character in
Philippine fables. It is often depicted as a cunning
animal.
PERSUASION
-is a literary technique that writers use to present their
ideas through reason and logic, to influence the audience
-may simply use an argument to persuade the readers, or
sometimes may persuade readers to perform a certain
action
-it is an art of effective speaking and writing in which
writers make their opinions believable to the audience
through logic, by invoking emotions, and by proving their
credibility.
 TYPES OF PERSUASION
Persuasion has 3 basic types:
1. ETHOS
It is linked with morality and ethics. In this method of
persuasion, writers or speakers convince their audience of their
goodwill and present themselves as trustworthy. To determine
whether a writer is credible or not, the audience needs to
understand his intention and his strong understanding of the
subject.
2. LOGOS
Logos comes from logic, therefore writers use logic,
reasoning, and rationality to convinve audiences of their
perspectives.
3. PATHOS
The third method is pathos, which invokes and
appeals to the emotions of the audience. This is
contrary to logos, as it presents arguments without
using logic or reasoning. Many writers consider
love, fear, empathy, and anger as strong factors to
influence the emotions of their audiences.