STATISTICS AND

DATA
MODULE 4
STATISTICS
is the branch of mathematics
concerned with the techniques by
which information techniques by
which information is collected
organized, analyzed and interpreted.
STATISTICS
The word statistics come
from the Latin word
status meaning state.
STATISTICS
a science that deals with the
methods of collecting, presenting,
analyzing and interpreting data in
such a way that valid conclusions
can be drawn from them.
DATA
It is everywhere. It is observable or
measurable. Data can be accessed
anywhere and by any one. When data
is correct valid analysis and
interpretation can be generated to
produce valuable information.
DATA
It is a collection of information. It
may be a number (quantitative) or
a word (qualitative)
TWO TYPES OF
DATA
TWO TYPES OF DATA
QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
are characterized by are numerical data/values.
categorical responses It can be counted.
data that are presented data are presented
verbally through the use of numerically through the
words, phrases, and use of numbers,
sentences mathematical symbols and
signs
EXAMPLES OF QUALITATIVE
DATA
1. Color of eyes
2. Ethnicity such as American Indian
3. Brand of ice cream
4. Do you have a TV sets? Yes___ No___
5. Your favorite holiday destination
EXAMPLES OF QUANTITATIVE
DATA
1. Scores on tests and exams. Ex. 85, 67
2. How many TV sets do you have?
3. What is your height in cm?
4. Weight of a person
5. Temperature in a room
 1. Speed of a car QUANTITATIVE
 2. Weight of a person QUANTITATIVE

 3. Person’s income tax QUANTITATIVE

QUANTITATIVE
 4. Tuition fee of a student
QUALITATIVE
 5. Household size
QUANTITATIVE
 6. Income respondent
QUALITATIVE
 7. Total household expenditures
QUANTITATIVE
 8. Number of registered car QUALITATIVE
 9. It was a great fun QUALITATIVE
 10. 643 dots in a ceiling
TWO TYPES OF
QUANTITATIVE DATA
DISCRETE CONTINUOUS
are obtained through are data that are not
counting. Data are countable. There is no
countable. There is a specific number of data. It
specific count or number of is in a continuous manner.
data.
EXAMPLES OF DISCRETE
DATA
1. Number of people in a class
2. Test question answered correctly
3. Home runs hit
4. Number of countries in Southeast Asia
5. Number of courses in a school firms
EXAMPLES OF CONTINUOUS
DATA
1. Weight
2. Age
3. Skull circumference
4. Wind speed
5. Water temperature
LEVEL OF
MEASUREMENT OF
DATA
MEASUREMENT SCALES
Involves quantitative
Classifies qualitative
data. They are ranked
data into two or more
and makes sense of
categories
difference. Does not only include
those characteristics of
Ranks qualitative data interval level of
NOMINAL INTERVAL measurement but also
starts at the value of 0

ORDINAL RATIO
EXAMPLES
NOMINAL ORDINAL INTERVAL RATIO

1. Books in the 1. Winners in a 1. Celsius 1. The time it

library science quiz temperature takes to do a
2. College bee 2. The IQ of a Math project
courses 2. Levels of student. 2. Number of
anxiety absences of
student in a
class
MEASURES OF CENTRAL
TENDENCY
 MEAN
 Mean (x/ µ) – is the sum of the item values divided by the number of items.

-the most common measure of central tendency and it is also called average.
-the mean for a sample of N a element is denoted by X
- a set of data has only one mean.
- can be applied for interval and ratio data.
- all values in the data sets are included in computing the mean.
- is very useful in comparing two or more data sets.
-is affected by the extreme small or large values on a data sets.
- is most appropriate in symmetrical data
FORMULA IN COMPUTING THE MEAN OF
UNGROUPED DATA
 EXAMPLES
1. Calculate the average of the following population values:
3, 7, 5 13, 20, 23, 39,23, 40
2. The set of diameters in miles, of the first ten asteroids
discovered 485, 304, 118, 243, 50, 121, 56, 78, 40, 121
3. Mike grade in eight subject in 2nd grading: 80, 82, 83,
79, 81, 77, 84, 78
 MEDIAN
 Median ( Md ) – is the middle observation in a set of numbers when the observations are
ranked in order of magnitude.
- is the value of the middle term when data are arranged in either ascending o
descending order.
-in an array, at least one half of the values are less than or equal to the median.
-is a unique, there is only one median for a set of data.
-is not affected by the extreme small or large values.
-can be applied for ordinal, interval and ratio data.
-is most appropriate in a skewed data.
 MEDIAN
How to find the median from ungrouped data
 1. Arrange the values according to magnitude, i.e. lowest to highest or vice
versa
 2. If the number of observation is odd, the median is the middlemost
observation.
 3. If the number of observation is even, add the two middle observations
and divide the sum by 2.
 EXAMPLES
A. 90, 88, 87, 92, 88, 93, 98, 96, 95

B. 18, 24, 35, 19, 23, 26, 23, 19, 20, 16

C. 15, 10, 12, 18, 14, 15, 8

D. 1, 7, 4, 2, 3, 4

E. 2.7, 8.3, 3.5, 5.1

 MODE
 Mode (Mo) – the most frequently occurring value in a given set of
data.
-is the number that appears most often in a set of numbers.
-is a way of capturing important information about a random
variable or a population in a single quantity. The mode is in general
different from the mean and median, and may be very different for
strongly skewed distributions.
-it is not affected by extreme, small or large values.
 MODE
- it can be used for qualitative and quantitative as well.
- and it is denoted by Mo
- is the easiest average to compute.
- can be more than one mode or even no mode in any given data set.
- can be applied for nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio data.
 THREE TYPES OF MODE
unimodal – there is only one mode.
bimodal – there are two modes.
multimodal – set with more than two modes.
 EXAMPLES
1. 9, 3, 3. 44, 17, 17, 44, 15, 15, 15, 27, 40, 8
2. 1, 3, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 12, 12, 17
3. 1, 3, 4, 4, 5, 4, 2, 1, 4, 6
4. black, red, blue, red, black, yellow, red, black, green pink
5. a, c, d, a, b, c, a, c, d, d, x, m, x, a, b, d, c,