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Mekanika Rekayasa - KKB 1
Mekanika Rekayasa - KKB 1
Introduction
• It is necessary to evaluate the structural
reliability of a proposed design to ensure
that the product will perform adequately
during assembly and service
• The objective of the structural design
process is to generate a part design that will
withstand the loads or imposed deflections
that will be encountered during service
Introduction
• Since it is not always possible to quantify
the loading conditions with certainty, a
series of structural design calculations are
performed
– At anticipated loading during normal service
conditions
– Under conditions that represent the worst case
scenario
Design Methodology
• Design decisions can be made by using structural
engineering relations that allow a designer to
estimate the stresses or strains that occur when a
product is subjected to a mechanical load or
imposed deflection
• Simplification are made regarding material
properties, regularity of form and boundary
conditions to obtain the estimate of how the part
will perform
Design Methodology
• Use classical formulas for stress and strain
– Assume isotropic, homogeneous, elastic behavior
– Compare calculated stresses and strains with the
plastics limits
• Can use finite element analysis program
• Accuracy of results depends on the ability of the
designer to quantify the problem correctly
Quantifying the Design Problem
• The designer needs to assess and specify a number
of factors before beginning the structural
calculations
– Part geometry
– Type of support
– Loading conditions
– Environmental conditions
– Mechanical properties
– Safety factors
Quantifying the Design Problem
• Once these item have been quantified, the
designer
– Performs a series of design calculations
– Examines the results
– Alters the design if needed
– Recalculate
– Iterate until the desired results are obtained
Simplifying Part Geometry
• Classical formulas for stress and strain have been
developed for most regular geometries
– Straight, tapered or curved beams
– Columns
– Plates
– Shells
• Common practice to divide parts with a complex
geometries into a series of subparts having regular
geometries and evaluating the stresses and strains
in each subpart
Stress Concentrations
• Stress distribution in parts are influenced by
the presence of features such as corners,
holes or any discontinuity in the design
geometry
• Stresses concentrate at the these
discontinuities, leading to local stress
values that are significantly higher than
those in areas nearby
Stress Concentration Problem
p Mp * y/I
• The maximum stress occurs at the points furthest from the
neutral surface on the outer surface
•
m Mm *c / I
M is the bending moment, I is the moment of inertia, y is the distance from the
neutral surface to p and c is the distance from the neutral surface to the outer
surface
Plane Areas
• Plane areas are cross sections of beams
• In order to design a beam with effective cross
section for a loading application, the area
properties of a beam cross section must be
determined
– The area properties include
• The centroid axis
• The bending moment
• The moment of inertia
• The section modulus
Plane Areas
Centroid Axis
• Centroid is the point in the plane of an area
about any axis the which the moment of the
area is zero
– Coincides with the center of gravity
• The centroid axis of an area is an axis that
passes through the centroid
Statical moment
• First moment of the area
• It’s the sum of the products obtained by
multiplying each element of area, dA, by
the first power of its distance from the
centroid axis
M x dA * y
M A* y
Moment of Inertia
• Second moment of area
• Determines the ability of a beam to support
a load
• Moment of inertia is equal to the sum of the
products obtained by multiplying each
element of area, dA, by the square of the
distance for the centroid axis
I x dA * y 2
Parallel Axis Theorem
• Used to determine moment of inertia values for
complicated geometries by finding the moment of
inertia about any axis
2
I T [ I c ,i Ai * yi ]
• Where IT is the total moments of inertia about any axis, Ic is the
moments of inertia with respect to the centroid parallel axis and y i is
the distance between the parallel axis and Ai is the cross sectional area
Section Modulus
• The section modulus(Z) for a symmetrical
cross section is defined as the second
moment of area(I) divided by the distance
from the axis to the most remote point of
that section area(c)
I
Z
c
Area Properties
• Area properties for more complex
geometries are given in handbook and can
be calculated by breaking down the
complex geometry into regular shapes to
produce a composite area
• The moment of inertia of a composite area
is equal to the sum of the individual
IT Ii
moment of inertias
Area Properties
• A void in the cross section can be taken into
account by subtracting the moment of
inertia for the void area
• The statical moment of a composite area is
equal to the sum of the individual statical
moments
M x M i ( Ai * yi )
Area Properties
• The total area of the composite area is the
sum of the individual areas
A Ai
• The distance between the reference axis and
the centroid axis of the composite area is
yc
M i
(A * y )
i i
Ai A i
Area Properties
• The moment of inertia for the entire composite
section about the composite sections centroid axis
is
2
I T [ I c ,i Ai * yi ]
• Where IT is the total moments of inertia, Ic is the moments of inertia
with respect to the centroid axis of each section and y i is the distance
between the sections centroid axis and the composites centroid axis
and Ai is the sections cross sectional area
Deflection
• The formula to use depends on the support
condition and the type of load
– See Formulas for Bending Moments
• Deflection formula for a simply supported beam
subjected to a partially distributed load
5 * w * L4
ymax
384 * E * I
• y is the deflection, w is the load, L in the unsupported length, E is the
modulus and I is the moment of inertia
Structural Design Samples
• Rectangle
• I-beam
Rectangle
.125”
6.0”
3
b*h
I
12
b 6.0"
h 0.125"
I 0.001in 4
I-Beam
1 inch high
0.25 inch wall thickness
minus
1.25x0.25 in solid
0.25x0.5 in solid
1.25x0.25 in solid
I-Beam
• Solid minus two voids
– Centroid axis for each of the rectangles are the
same as the centroid axis of the entire
composite beam
I-Beam
2
I T [ I c ,i Ai * yi ]
y0
I T I c , solid 2 * I c ,void
3 3
bs * hs 2 * bv * hv
IT
12 12
1.25in * (1in) 3 2 * 0.5in * (0.5in) 3
IT
12 12
I T 0.0938in 4
I-Beam
• Three solid sections
– The centroid axes for the outer sections not the
same as the inner section or as the composite
beam
– Need to use the parallel axis theorm
I-Beam
1
Top centroid axis
0.375
2 Beam centroid axis
0.25 Middle centroid axis
4.0”
0.125”
0.5”
0.15” at
base with
1 draft
angle for
ribs
Rib Calculation
• Break into four parts
– Rectangle
– 3 trapezoids
• Find dimensions of trapezoid
• Find areas, centroid axis location and
moment of inertia for each part
• Find overall centroid axis location
• Find overall moment of inertia
Rib Calculation – Trapezoid
B
Geometry
a h * tan
b B 2*a
h
b B 2 * h * tan
b 0.15in 2 * (0.5in ) * tan(1 deg)
b 0.1325in
b a
Rib Calculation – Trapezoid
Formulas
b d d 0.5in
A * (b c)
2 b 0.15in
d (2 * b c)
y1 * c 0.1325in
3 (b c)
A 0.0706in 2
Centroid d 3 (b 2 4 * b * c c 2 )
Ic * y1 0.2552in
d
36 (b c)
y1 I c 0.0015in 4
c
Rib Calculation – Rectangle
Formulas
0.0625in
y=0.5625in 0.5in
A ( 4.0in ) * (0.125in )
A 0.5in 2
y 0.5625
( 4in)*( 0.125in)3
Ic
12
I c 0.000651in 4
Rib Calculation – Centroid Axis
Location
Rectangle centroid axis
Composite centroid axis
Trapezoids centroid axis
yc
M i
A i
M ( A * y )
i i i
y
( A * y ) i i
A
c
i
4.0” I 0.0192in 4
w 100lbs / 4in
0.125”
L 4in
5 * w * L4
ymax
0.5” 384 * E * I
0.15” at lb
base with 5 * 25 * ( 4in ) 4
1 draft ymax in
angle for lb
384 * 250,000 2 * 0.0192in 4
ribs in
ymax 0.0174inches
Formulas Bending Moments
Formulas Bending Moments
Formulas Bending Moments
Formulas Bending Moments
Formulas Bending Moments
Properties of Sections, Moment of Inertia
Properties of Sections, Moment of Inertia
Properties of Sections, Moment of Inertia
Properties of Sections, Moment of Inertia
Properties of Sections, Moment of Inertia
Properties of Sections, Moment of Inertia
Properties of Sections, Moment of Inertia
Properties of Sections, Moment of Inertia