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ПИРОГОВА
КАФЕДРА СОЦІАЛЬНОЇ МЕДИЦИНИ ТА ОРГАНІЗАЦІЇ ОХОРОНИ ЗДОРОВ’Я
1. The woman is 58 years old. Height 165 cm. Weight 99 kg. The patient
came to the family doctor with complaints that her blood pressure rises to
220/180 mmHg every day, which is accompanied by a feeling of
irregular heartbeat, headache, nausea, a feeling of pain behind the
sternum, a feeling of lack of air. The feeling of dryness in the oral cavity
is also disturbing.
Кейс 1
2.Вкажіть про які попередні діагнози можна думати, ґрунтуючись на інформації, яку Вам надав пацієнт.
• What regulatory documents regulate the features of providing care to patients with hypertension?
• How to differentiate essential arterial hypertension from secondary?
• What examinations should be prescribed to confirm the diagnosis: essential arterial hypertension?
• How to determine the stage, degree of arterial hypertension?
• How to determine the total risk of complications?
• How to differentiate a type of arrhythmia?
• How to confirm the diagnosis: diabetes?
• How to determine the type of diabetes?
• What drug is the drug of choice for the treatment of essential arterial hypertension in women with
meno-pause?
• What drug is the drug of choice for the treatment of essential arterial hypertension in obese women?
• How to choose an antiarrhythmic?
Кейс 1
5. Розпишіть як саме, де і яку Ви шукатимете інформацію.
• MEDLINE / PubMed
• Cochrane reviev
• www.ebmny.org/journal.html
• UpToDate (www.uptodate.com)
• Clinical Evidence (www.Clinicalevidence.com)
• Dynamed (https://dynamed.ebscohost.com)
Case 1
5. Describe exactly how, where and what information you are looking
for.
• MEDLINE / PubMed
• Cochrane reviev
• www.ebmny.org/journal.html
• UpToDate (www.uptodate.com)
• Clinical Evidence (www.Clinicalevidence.com)
• Dynamed (https://dynamed.ebscohost.com)
1. Reappraisal of European guidelines on hypertension management: a European Society of Hypertension Task
Force document // J. Hypertension 2009; 27.
2. National Clinical Guideline Center. Hypertension. The clinical management of primary hypertension in adults.
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Clinical guideline 127: Methods, evidence, and re commendations,
2011.
3. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of
High Blood Pressure. US department of Health and Human Service. NIH publication No 04-5230. August 2004.
4. National Clinical Guideline Center. Hypertension in pregnancy. The management of hypertensive disorders
during pregnancy. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, NICE clinical guideline 107, 2010.
5. Sowerby Centre for Health Informatics at Newcastle. Hypertension in people who do not have diabetes
mellitus, 2010.
6. ESC Guidelines on the management of cardiovascular diseases during pregnancy, 2011.
7. National Clinical Guideline Center. Lipid modification: Cardiovascular risk assessment and the modification of
blood lipids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. NICE clinical guideline 67, 2008 та
КН ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias/The Task Forces for the management of
dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS) 2011
року.
Кейс 1
5. Розпишіть як саме, де і яку Ви шукатимете інформацію.
At this stage of the development of the disease, there are no signs that it has an effect on the target
organs. For this reason, high blood pressure is usually asymptomatic. Only sometimes sleep is
disturbed, implicit pains of the head and heart can develop.
When conducting clinical diagnostics, a slight increase in the tone of the fundus arteries can be
established. At the first stage of the disease, the risk of a hypertensive crisis is minimal, often this
situation occurs only due to the impact of external circumstances on the body. The risk also
increases in women during menopause. The initial stage responds well to treatment. For this, a
lifestyle change is usually enough. Medicines are not always needed. With timely therapy and strict
2 STAGES
This is the stage of active pathological changes in the vessels - severe hypertension. The pressure in the
2nd stage reaches 179/109. Resting does not restore your level. A person complains of excruciating
headaches, shortness of breath on exertion, worsening of sleep, dizziness, and increased heart rate.
This stage is characterized by the development of the first signs of internal organs. The most common
symptoms of severe hypertension are:
This stage is dangerous because it always affects the heart. Their contractility and
impulse conduction in the myocardium are impaired.
Кейс 1
5. Розпишіть як саме, де і яку Ви шукатимете інформацію.
When minor risks still remain, a person needs to make lifestyle changes in the
next 6 months. This will lead to positive developments. If there are no results and
a lowering of blood pressure cannot be achieved, it is recommended to change
the tactics of patient management and implement drug therapy.
MEDIUM RISK
This group of patients includes hypertensive patients, whose blood pressure indicators do not
exceed 179/110. As a rule, these people have 1 - 2 risk factors of the following:
of smoking;
genetics;
obesity;
high concentration of cholesterol;
lack of physical activity;
impaired glucose tolerance.
Over the next 10 years, dangerous cardiovascular pathologies develop in 20% of cases. Organizing
a proper lifestyle is an integral part of maintaining health. Within 3 to 6 months, medications may
not be prescribed so that the patient can regain as much health as possible through lifestyle changes.
HIGH RISK
This risk group includes patients with indicators of 179/110 or more in the
presence of more than 2 predisposing factors. In addition, a high risk is
established for people with target organ damage, diabetes mellitus, retinal
vascular disorders, and atherosclerosis.
There may also be no risk factors, but people with stage 3 hypertension are still
at high risk. They should be treated by a cardiologist. The risk of complications is
30%. Normalization of lifestyle is used only as an additional tactic against the
background of taking specially selected drugs. The choice of the most effective
drugs should be made as soon as possible.
Кейс 1
5. Розпишіть як саме, де і яку Ви шукатимете інформацію.
• 1) з анамнезу;
• — рівень креатиніну в плазмі крові з розрахунком
кліренсу креатиніну або швидкості клубочкової
• 2) фізикального обстеження; фільтрації;
………….
Case 1
6. Whether the findings are relevant to your needs?
Relevance means whether the document (information) found meets your needs and the request that has been made. By
comparing the question that was investigated in the article with your clinical question, you can determine the relevance of the
article.
Documents
ПРОЕКТ (dec.gov.ua)
Reappraisal of European guidelines on hypertension management: a European Society of Hypertension Task Force document
- PubMed (nih.gov)
Hypertension: The Clinical Management of Primary Hypertension in Adults [Internet] - PubMed (nih.gov)
The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Press
ure (JNC 7) | NHLBI, NIH
They are relevant because the questions described in them match my questions, namely:
………….
Кейс 1
• Consistency refers to the extent to which the results of a particular study are the same as others
relating to the same topic and consistent with evidence outside the study.
• Consistency can be internal or external.
• Internal consistency implies the same conclusions according to different methods of analysis of the
data obtained in the study.
• For example, the study separately analyzed subgroups of patients, and obtained co-directed results
(e.g., drug A is more effective than B in each group.
• External consistency refers to the consistency of study results with evidence from other disciplines
and other studies, and even with the experience of clinicians. If the result is in conflict with others,
you need to investigate the causes.
Кейс 1
1. Коротко опишіть його суть (яка гіпотеза тестувалась, ким проведене тестування, який дизайн
використаний….)
2. Поясніть чи з Вашої точки зору була забезпечена збалансованість груп (вибірок) на початку
дослідження?
4. Чи були групи пацієнтів, які включені в дане дослідження прогностично схожими? Якщо так, чому?
5. Чи був забезпечений рандомний підхід на етапі відбору пацієнтів до дослідження? Якщо так,
опишіть механізми, якими він забезпечувався.
6. Чи було використане «осліплення»? Якщо так, опишіть механізм його забезпечення в даному
дослідженні.
10. Які на Вашу думку наявні зміщення в даному дослідженні? Які причини їх
виникнення та можливості уникнення?
13. Чи відомий факт втрати пацієнтів з під спостереження? Якщо так, про що це
Вам говорить?
15. Чи базувався аналіз на принципі наміру лікувати? Якщо ні, до чого це може
привести?
9. - Was the control group created on the basis of randomization?
10. - What biases do you think are present in this study? What are the reasons for their
occurrence and the possibility of avoiding them?
11. - Has the fact of contamination been registered and what does it tell you?
13.- Did they track the loss of the patients in a process of observation? If so, what
does this tell you?
14. - Were the specialists who collected data or evaluated the results "blinded"?
15. - Was the analysis based on the principle of intention to treat? If not, what can it
lead to?
Кейс 2
Select a clinical trial (one of those that you have processed to complete
the first task):
Відповіді на запитання відповідно до попередньо обраного дослідження. Якщо в дослідженні не сказано про
чутливість та специфічність, можна в даному кейсі обрати клінічне дослідження відповідно до діагнозу, де
описується чутливість та специфічність.
Case 3
Answers to questions according to a pre-selected study. If the study does not talk about sensitivity and specificity, it is possible
in this case to choose a clinical trial according to the diagnosis, which describes sensitivity and specificity.
Завдання 5
Case 5
Знайдіть статтю з описом мета-аналізу.
Дайте відповіді на наступні запитання:
1. Чи мета-аналіз який Ви обрали стосується сфокусованого запитання?
2. Чи було вибрано достатньо задокументоване та всеохоплююче дослідження?
3. Чи якість включених досліджень достатньо високометодологічна?
4. Чи була достатня узгодженість між рецензентами у виборі та оцінці досліджень?
5. Чи були результати які комбінувались такими, що їх можна комбінувати?
6. Покажіть форест плот результатів мета-аналізу.
1. SEARCH FOR META-ANALYSIS PAPER
• Was the search for relevant studies comprehensive and well documented?
Знайти статтю, яка описує проведений мета-аналіз по есенціальній артеріальній гіпертензії. Прикріпити посилання
на текст статті. Дати відповіді на запитання, відповідно до даного мета-аналізу.
Case 5
Find an article that describes the meta-analysis of essential arterial hypertension. Attach a link to the text of the article. Give
answers to questions according to this meta-analysis.
Завдання 6
Case 6
Відповідно до Вашої статті:
Оцінка валідності:
1. Чи були зміщення внаслідок селекції?
2. Чи врахували дослідники всі важливі прогностичні фактори?
3. Чи були втрати з-під спостереження?
4. Якщо так, то який відсоток?
5. Про що це говорить?
6. Чи було вимірювання результатів валідним та неупередженим?
Оцінка результатів:
1. Що таке імовірність результатів?
2. Що таке похибка?
Оцінка застосовності:
1. Чи пацієнти, дані про яких Ви знайшли, підходять до Вашого клінічного випадку?
2. Чи були спостереження достатньо тривалими?
3. Як Ви можете використати знайдені результати в своїй практиці?
Validity Assessment
1. Was There Any Selection Bias (Or Is the Study Sample Biased)?
2. Did the Researchers Consider All Important Prognostic Factors?
3. Were Losses to Follow-Up Sufficiently Small?
4. Was the Measurement of Outcome(s) Reliable and Valid (Unbiased)?
Results Assessment
5. What Is (Are) the Probability(−ies) of the Outcomes?
6. What Is the Margin of Error?
Applicability Assessment
7. Were the Study Patients and Their Management Similar to Those in Your Practice?
8. Was Follow-Up Sufficiently Long?
9. How Can You Use the Results in the Management of Your Patients?
Кейс 6
Для виконання даного кейсу, використовуйте клінічне дослідження, яке Ви обрали для кейсу №2.
Case 6
To complete this case, use the clinical study that you have chosen for case No. 2.
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