GROUP : C

LOCATION AND STRUCTURE OF PANCREAS:

 The pancreas is a vital organ situated behind the stomach in the upper left abdomen.
 It is about 6 inches long and is shaped like a flat pear or a horizontally extended fish. It is divided into
three parts head, body and tail.
 It is also surrounded by the other organs such as small intestine, liver and spleen.

PANCREATIC GLANDS:
Pancreas can perform both exocrine as well as endocrine functions.Exocrine part(98%) and endocrine part(2%).

PANCREATIC TISSUE:
a) Acini (exocrine): secretes digestive juices into duodenum
b) Islets of Langerhans (endocrine): secretes insulin and glucagon directly in the blood.
► Pancreas contains 3 types of cells:

► i- Beta cells: constitute 60 %of islets, secrete insulin as well as amylin as a

parallel hormone.
► ii- Alpha cells: constitute 25% of islets, secrete glucagon
► iii - delta cell: constitute 10% secrete somatostatin
► PP cells are also present in small number secrete pancreatic polypeptide
hormone
► All these cells are distinguished on the basis of their morphological and staining
characteristics.

Reference : https://images.app.goo.gl/QvCWM6jitk2BAvcS7
EXOCRINE PART OF PANCREAS
► Basic stimuli causing pancreatic secretion :
:

• SECRETIN • CHOLECYSTOKININ
HORMONE HORMONE
• Secreted by I cells in duodenal
• When acidic chyme enters into mucosa. When food enters into small
duodenum; secretin releases through intestine.
s-cells. • CCK causes secretion of pancreatic
• Causes pancreas to release sodium enzymes by ACINAR CELLS.
bicarbonate through ductile cells.
• Hence, neutralization reaction
occurs
and pH is maintained to 7-8. So the
pancreatic enzymes can work

REFERENCE:https://www.alamy.com/pa
ncreas-duodenum-and-small-intestine
Digestive enzymes in pancreatic juice .
• The pancreatic enzymes contain multiple enzymes
► Digest all major nutrients like,

1. PROTEIN

2.FATS

3.CARBOHYDRATE
S
► ENDOCRINE PART OF PANCREAS
► Endocrine gland:
► Ductless glands.
► Make and secrete their secretions directly in to the blood stream.
► Highly vascularized.
► Receptors in various organs and tissues recognize and respond to their
hormone.
► Islets of Langerhans (Endocrine cells of pancreas) secret major endocrine
hormones.
PANCREATIC SECREATIONS
Major Hormones Synthesis Target sites Stimulation
Insulin Beta cells Liver, adipose tissues, Hyperglycemia
skeletal muscles.

Glucagon Alpha cells Liver, adipose tissues, Hypoglycemia

skeletal muscles.

Somatostatin Delta cells Other islets cells Raised level of insulin and
glucagon
► FUNCTIONS OF PANCREATIC HORMONES:

i- Insulin:
► Promotes glycogenesis.
► Increases the use of glucose in cellular respiration.
► Promotes the conversion of excess glucose to fats.
► Inhibits gluconeogenesis.

► ii-Glucagon:
► Promotes glycogenolysis.
► Promotes gluconeogenesis.

iii-Somatostatin:
► Supresses the secretion of insulin and glucagon.
Reference :
https://images.app.goo.gl/oKZE1RuK5a9kQML96
FUNCTIONS OF PANCREAS:
i- DIGESTION
► Pancreas secretes digestive enzymes such as trypsin, chymotrypsin, and pancreatic amylase to break down proteins,
carbohydrates, and fats in food.

II- NEUTRALIZATION AND MAINTAINANCE OF PH:

► Pancreas secretes large volume of sodium bicarbonate solution to neutralize the acidity of chyme from the stomach

III- REGULATES PANCREATIC SECRTiIONS:

► Acetylcholine and cholecystokinin stimulate secretion of digestive enzymes, while secretin stimulates secretion of
bicarbonate ions.

IV- INHIBITION
► Pancreas secretes trypsin inhibitor to prevent premature activation of pancreatic enzymes within the pancreas, which
leads to auto-digestion and pancreatitis.
FEEDBACK MECHANISM
Any response may be in the
CONTROL CENTRE same direction ( positive
feedback )
or in the opposite direction (
negative feedback ).
Feedback
RECEPTOR maintains EFFECTOR
body
equilibrium.

1. POSITIVE FEEDBACK
HOMEOSTASIS
2. NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
STIMULUS
Feedback Mechanisms in Biology:

i- Negative Feedback:
► Reduces or reverses changes in the external environment.
► Example: After a meal, when blood glucose levels spike, negative feedback works to bring
blood glucose back to its normal range (homeostasis).

ii-Positive Feedback:
► Amplifies changes instead of returning to homeostasis.
► Example: During childbirth, contractions stimulate the release of oxytocin, which
further increases Uterus contractions, leading to Delivery of the baby.
DISORDERS OF PANCREAS :
PANCREATITIS
Pancreatitis is the inflammation of pancreas.
►There are mainly two types of pancreatitis
Acute pancreatitis
Chronic pancreatitis
i- Acute pancreatitis:
► Symptoms: Reference : https://images.app.goo.gl/Q1xgRRUVda9ZjHUX6

Severe abdominal pain which rediates to the back side associated with nausia and vomiting.
► Causes:
Mainly gall stones.
ii- Chronic pancreatitis:
► Symptoms:
Epigastric pain rediates to the back side. Symptoms disappear for some time. 70%
patients are diabetic.
Causes:
DIABETES
: Diabetes is associated with endocrine functions of pancreas.
►

► hyperglycemia occurs
► There are two types of diabetes.
 Type 1 or insulin dependent diabetes mellitus:
► It is a autoimmune disease in which destruction of Beta cells of pancreas occurs.
► Often found in children or people at young age.
 Type 2 or Insulin independent diabetes mellitus:
► In this type of diabetes insulin resistance occur or pancreatic cells failure.
► Often found in aged people.
SYMPTOMS:
► Polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss , Numbness in fingers or foot, tingling

Reference: https://images.app.goo.gl/HeAV7uPvHKjZdNQU6
 REFERENCES
I- STRUCTURE AND LOCATION:
► Guyton and hall 14th edition
► You.com watsapp AI
► The Pancreas | Johns Hopkins Medicine
II- EXOCRINE PART:
► Guyton and Hall 13th edition , Unit 12 , Chapter 65.
► Pancreatic enzymes table (https://www.semanticscholar.org/)
III- ENDOCRINE PART:
► Guyton and Hall
► Britannica
► Basic Medical Key
IV- FUNCTIONS AND FEED BACK MECHANISM:
► Guyton and Hall 13th edition
V- DISORDERS OF PANCREAS:
► Diabetes and Pancreatitis both from : Youtube channel (Brain less medico)