ROCKS

• AGGREGATIONS OF 2 OR MORE
MINERALS
– Same or different minerals combine
together
• THREE CATEGORIES
– IGNEOUS

– SEDIMENTARY

– METAMORPHIC
ROCKS

 Types of Rocks
1. Igneous rock is formed
by the crystallization of
molten magma.
Rocks
 Types of Rocks

2. Sedimentary rock
- rocks that form through the
accumulation,compaction, and
cementation of sediments.
ROCKS
 Types of Rocks
3. Metamorphic rock is formed
by the alteration of pre-existing
rock deep within Earth (but still
in the solid state) by heat,
pressure, and/or chemically
active fluids.
THE ROCK CYCLE
3.1 The Rock Cycle
Shows the interrelationships among the three rock
types (igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic)

 Lava is magma that reaches the

surface.
 Sediment is weathered pieces of Earth
elements.
 Magma is molten material that forms deep
beneath the Earth’s surface.

 Weathering is a process in which rocks are

broken down by water, air, and living things.
The Rock Cycle
3.2 Igneous Rocks

Formation of Igneous Rocks

1. Plutonic/Intrusive igneous rocks are
formed when magma hardens beneath
Earth’s surface.
2. Volcanic/Extrusive igneous rocks are
formed when lava hardens.
p
3.2 Igneous Rocks

Classification of Igneous Rocks

 Igneous rocks can be classified based
on their composition and texture.
1. Texture
• Coarse-grained texture is caused by slow
cooling resulting in larger crystals.
• Fine-grained texture is caused by rapid
cooling resulting in smaller, interconnected
mineral grains.
Course-Grained Igneous Texture
Fine-Grained Igneous Texture
3.2 Igneous Rocks
Classification of Igneous Rocks
1. Texture (continued)
• Glassy texture is caused by very rapid cooling.
2. Composition
• Granitic composition rocks are made mostly

of light-colored quartz and feldspar.

• Porphyritic texture is caused by different
rates of cooling resulting in varied sized
minerals.
3.2 Igneous Rocks
Classification of Igneous Rocks
2. Composition (continued)
• Andesitic composition rocks are between
granitic light-color minerals and basaltic
composition dark-colored minerals.

• Basaltic composition rocks are made mostly

of dark-colored silicate minerals and
plagioclase feldspar.

• Ultramafic composition rocks are made mostly

from iron and magnesium-rich minerals.
 Intrusive igneous
rocks
Cooled below surface
at great depths
Extrusive igneous
rocks
Cooled at or near
the surface through
volcanic eruptions
Andesite is a fine-grained, extrusive igneous rock
composed mainly of plagioclase with other
minerals such as hornblende, pyroxene and biotite.
Basalt is a fine-grained, dark-colored
extrusive igneous rock composed mainly of
plagioclase and pyroxene.
Obsidian is a dark-colored volcanic glass that
forms from the very rapid cooling of molten rock
material. It cools so rapidly that crystals do not form
Pumice is a light-colored vesicular igneous rock. It
forms through very rapid solidification of a melt. The
vesicular texture is a result of gas trapped in the melt at
the time of solidification.
3.3 Sedimentary Rocks

Formation of Sedimentary Rocks

 Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition
• Erosion involves the weathering and the
removal of rock.
• Deposition occurs when an agent of erosion
—water, wind, ice, or gravity—loses energy
and drops sediments.
3.3 Sedimentary Rocks

Formation of Sedimentary Rocks

 Compaction and Cementation
• Compaction is a process that squeezes, or
compacts, sediments.
• Cementation takes place when dissolved
minerals are deposited in the tiny spaces
among the sediments.
p
3.3 Sedimentary Rocks

Classification of Sedimentary Rocks

 Main Groups
1. Clastic sedimentary
rocks such as breccia,
conglomerate, sandstone,
siltstone, and shale are
formed from mechanical
weathering debris.
Breccia is a clastic sedimentary rock that is composed of large
(over two millimeter diameter) angular fragments. The spaces
between the large fragments can be filled with a matrix of
smaller particles or a mineral cement which binds the rock
together.
Conglomerate is a clastic sedimentary rock that contains large
rounded particles. The space between the pebbles is generally
filled with smaller particles and/or a chemical cement that
binds the rock together.
Sandstone is a clastic sedimentary rock made up mainly of
sand-size (1/16 to 2 millimeter diameter) weathering
debris. Environments where large amounts of sand can
accumulate include beaches, deserts, flood plains and
deltas.
Shale is a clastic sedimentary rock that is made up of clay-
size (less then 1/256 millimeter in diameter) weathering
debris. It typically breaks into thin flat pieces.
Siltstone is a clastic sedimentary rock that
forms from silt-size (between 1/256 and 1/16
millimeter diameter) weathering debris.
2. Chemical sedimentary
rocks, such as rock salt,
iron ore, chert, flint, some
dolomites, and some
limestones, form when
dissolved materials
precipitate from solution.
Chert is a microcrystalline or cryptocrystalline
sedimentary rock material composed of silicon
dioxide (SiO2).
Dolomite (also known as "dolostone" and "dolomite
rock") is a chemical sedimentary rock that is very similar
to limestone. It is thought to form when limestone or lime
mud is modified by magnesium-rich ground water.
3. Organic sedimentary
rocks such as coal, some
dolomites, and some
limestones, form from the
accumulation of plant or
animal debris.
Coal is an organic sedimentary rock that forms mainly
from plant debris. The plant debris usually
accumulates in a swamp environment. Coal is
combustible and is often mined for use as a fuel.
Shale with Plant Fossils
Conglomerate
3.4 Metamorphic Rocks

Formation of Metamorphic Rocks

 Contact metamorphism occurs when
magma moves into rock.
• Occurs near a body of magma
• Changes are driven by a rise in temperature.
3.4 Metamorphic Rocks

Formation of Metamorphic Rocks

 Regional metamorphism results in
large-scale deformation and high-grade
metamorphism.
• Directed pressures and high temperatures
occur during mountain building.
• Produces the greatest volume of metamorphic
rock
REGIONAL METAMORPHISM
3.4 Metamorphic Rocks

Agents of Metamorphism
 Heat
• Provides the energy needed to drive chemical
reactions
 Pressure
• Causes a more compact rock with greater
density
3.4 Metamorphic Rocks

Classification of Metamorphic Rocks

 Two main categories
1. Foliated Metamorphic Rock
• Has a banded or layered appearance
2. Nonfoliated Metamorphic Rock
• Does not have a banded texture
 Foliated
metamorphic
rocks
Gneiss is foliated metamorphic rock that has a banded
appearance and is made up of granular mineral grains. It
typically contains abundant quartz or feldspar minerals.
Phyllite is a foliated metamorphic rock that is made up
mainly of very fine-grained mica. The surface of
phyllite is typically lustrous and sometimes wrinkled. It
is intermediate in grade between slate and schist.
Slate is a foliated metamorphic rock that is formed
through the metamorphism of shale. It is a low grade
metamorphic rock that splits into thin pieces.
Non-foliated
metamorphic rocks such
as hornfels, marble,
quartzite, and novaculite
do not have a layered or
banded appearance.
Hornfels is a fine-grained nonfoliated metamorphic rock
with no specific composition. It is produced by contact
metamorphism. Hornfels is a rock that was "baked"
while near a heat source such as a magma chamber, sill
or dike.
Novaculite is a dense, hard, fine-grained, siliceous rock that
breaks with a conchoidal fracture. It forms from sediments
deposited in marine environments where organisms such as
diatoms (single-celled algae that secrete a hard shell composed
of silicon dioxide) are abundant in the water.
Quartzite is a non-foliated metamorphic rock that is produced
by the metamorphism of sandstone. It is composed primarily
of quartz.
 Classification of
Metamorphic Rocks