Colligative Properties of Solutions

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Have you seen videos where trucks sprinkle salts on
icy roads? This process is called deicing.

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Or Ice cream, with water as an ingredient is not as
hard as solid water?

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REMINDERS:
1. Read and understand the procedure.
2. Gather all necessary materials.
3. Follow the instructions carefully.
4. Take safety precautions.
5. Record your observations.
6. Maintain a controlled environment.
7. Ask for help if needed.
8. Clean up properly.
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ACTIVITY: Ice Tube Race
Materials:
1. Ice tubes
2. Salt
3. Beaker
4. Timer
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ACTIVITY: Ice Tube Race
Procedure:
1. Divide the class into small groups.
2. Each group will be provided with a set of ice tubes, 1 table
spoon full of salt and two beakers.
3. Place the ice tubes in one of the beakers and sprinkle 1 table
spoon of salt on top of the ice tubes. Place the other ice tubes
inside the 2nd beaker, but this time do not put anything.
4. Start the timer. Observe and compare the melting rate of the
ice tubes.
5. After 2 minutes, stop the timer and have the groups note the
time it took for the ice tubes to melt. 6
Let Us Analyze
Process Questions:

1. As you observed the melting rate of ice

cubes with and without salt, what
differences did you notice between the two?

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Let Us Analyze
Process Questions:

2. What do you think caused the difference

in melting rates?

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Let Us Analyze
Process Questions:

3. How do you think this activity relate to

the concept of decreasing the freezing
point?

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Colligative Properties of
Solutions:
Freezing-Point Depression

General Chemistry 2
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
Freezing Point
Depression

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 Learning Competencies
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to do the following:

● Calculate freezing point depression from the

concentration of a solute in a solution (STEM_GC11PP-
IIId-f-117).
● Describe the effect of concentration on the colligative
properties of solutions (STEM_GC11PP-IIId-f-115).
● Calculate molar mass from colligative property data
(STEM_GC11PP-IIId-f-118).
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 Learning Objective
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to do the following:

• Understand the concept of freezing point depression.

• Calculate & apply freezing point depression in practical

scenarios.

• Analyze and interpret experimental data on freezing point

depression.

• Demonstrate enthusiasm and motivation to apply their

understanding of the concept to real-world situation. 15
 Freezing Point
 Temperature at which the vapor
pressure of a liquid is at equilibrium to
the vapor of its corresponding solid
state.

 The temperature at which a liquid turns

into a solid when cooled. 16
 Freezing Point

Concept of Freezing-Point
Depression

Is the lowering of a solvent's freezing

point due to the addition of a solute.

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How does the depression in
freezing point occur?

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 Freezing Point

When pure solvent

freezes, its particles
move slower and
become more ordered
as the intermolecular
forces that operate
between the molecules
become stable
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 Freezing Point

In water molecules, the hydrogen bonds create a

hexagonally-shaped network of molecules that result in the
structure of ice

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 Freezing Point

Adding a solute into the

liquid solvent, this
ordering process is
disrupted

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 Freezing Point

To freeze it, more energy

must be removed from
the solution, and the
freezing point of the
solution is lower than
that of the pure solvent.

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Phase diagram of solution-solvent Indicating the freezing point
depression

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 Phase diagram of solution-solvent Indicating the freezing point
depression

What do you
think is the
relationship of
vapor pressure
to freezing
point
Depression?
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 Freezing Point

Freezing Point and Vapor Pressure

● At the freezing point, vapor pressure of both solid and

liquid states must be equal to reach equilibrium.

● An addition of a solute to a solvent leads to a decrease

in vapor pressure (Raoult’s law).

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 Freezing Point

Freezing Point and Vapor Pressure

• lowering the vapor pressure → lowering of the

temperature at which the vapor pressures of the liquid
and solid states of the solution will be equal

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Remember

Freezing point depression is

directly proportional to vapor
pressure when a solute is added
to a solvent; the freezing point of
the solution also decreases.

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 Freezing Point

Freezing Point Depression

The difference between the freezing

point of the pure solvent and its
solution.

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 Freezing Point

Calculating Freezing-Point Depression

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 Freezing Point

Freezing Point Depression Constants for Some Solvents

Freezing Point
Solvent Kf (oC/m)
(°C at 1 atm)
Water 0.0 1.89

Hydrogen acetate 16.6 3.9

Benzene 5.5 5.12

Chloroform -63.5 4.68

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 Freezing Point

Calculating Freezing-Point Depression

Where:
Freezing Point Depression

Freezing point of the solution

Freezing point of the solvent

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 Let’s Practice!

Calculate the freezing point of an aqueous solution

where enough lactic acid (C6H10O5) is added to make a
0.25 molal solution. The Kf for water is 1.86 °C/m.

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 Let’s Practice!

Calculate the freezing point of an aqueous solution where enough lactic

acid (C6H10O5) is added to make a 0.25 molal solution. The K f for water is
1.86 °C/m.

Given: 0.25 m – molality of solution

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 Let’s Practice!

Calculate the freezing point of an aqueous solution where enough lactic

acid (C6H10O5) is added to make a 0.25 molal solution. The K f for water is
1.86 °C/m.

Given: 0.25 m – molality of solution

1.86 °C/m – Kf for water

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 Let’s Practice!

Calculate the freezing point of an aqueous solution where enough lactic

acid (C6H10O5) is added to make a 0.25 molal solution. The K f for water is
1.86 °C/m.

Given: 0.25 m – molality of solution

1.86 °C/m – Kf for water
Asked:

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 Let’s Practice!

Calculate the freezing point of an aqueous solution where enough lactic

acid (C6H10O5) is added to make a 0.25 molal solution. The K f for water is
1.86 °C/m.

Given: 0.25 m – molality of solution

1.86 °C/m – Kf for water
Asked: Freezing point of solution

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 Let’s Practice!
Calculate the freezing point of an aqueous solution where enough lactic
acid (C6H10O5) is added to make a 0.25 molal solution. The K f for water is
1.86 °C/m.
Given: 0.25 m – molality of solution

1.86 °C/m – Kf for water

Asked: Freezing point of solution

Solution:

= 1 x 1.86 °C/m x 0.25 m

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 Let’s Practice!
Calculate the freezing point of an aqueous solution where enough lactic
acid (C6H10O5) is added to make a 0.25 molal solution. The K f for water is
1.86 °C/m.
Given: 0.25 m – molality of solution

1.86 °C/m – Kf for water

Asked: Freezing point of solution

Solution:

= 1 x 1.86 °C/m x 0.25 m

= 0.47

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 Let’s Practice!
Calculate the freezing point of an aqueous solution where enough lactic
acid (C6H10O5) is added to make a 0.25 molal solution. The K f for water is
1.86 °C/m.
Given: 0.25 m – molality of solution

1.86 °C/m – Kf for water

Asked: Freezing point of solution

Solution:

= 1 x 1.86 °C/m x 0.25 m

= 0.47 - Freezing Point depression

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 Let’s Practice!
Calculate the freezing point of an aqueous solution where enough lactic
acid (C6H10O5) is added to make a 0.25 molal solution. The K f for water is
1.86 °C/m.

Solution:

0.47 °C = Tf - 0 °C

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 Let’s Practice!
Calculate the freezing point of an aqueous solution where enough lactic
acid (C6H10O5) is added to make a 0.25 molal solution. The K f for water is
1.86 °C/m.

Solution: Tf = Ti - ∆Tf
Tf = 0 °C - 0.47 °C
= - 0.47 °C

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 Let’s Practice!

Calculate the freezing point of an aqueous solution

where enough lactic acid (C6H10O5) is added to make a
0.25 molal solution. The Kf for water is 1.86 °C/m.

The new freezing point of water is -0.47 °C, since the

freezing point of pure water is 0 °C.

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 Let’s Practice!

A solution contains 0.1 moles of sodium chloride (NaCl)

dissolved in 500 grams of water. The freezing point of pure
water is 0 degrees Celsius, and the cryoscopic constant for
water (Kf) is 1.86 °C/m. What is the expected freezing point
of the solution?

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 Let’s Practice!

A solution contains 0.1 moles of sodium chloride (NaCl) dissolved in 500 grams
of water. The freezing point of pure water is 0 degrees Celsius, and the
cryoscopic constant for water (Kf) is 1.86 °C/m. What is the expected freezing
point of the solution?

Given: 0.1 moles NaCl

500 g water
0 °C – Freezing point of water
1.86 °C/m - Kf of water

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 Let’s Practice!

A solution contains 0.1 moles of sodium chloride (NaCl) dissolved in 500 grams
of water. The freezing point of pure water is 0 degrees Celsius, and the
cryoscopic constant for water (Kf) is 1.86 °C/m. What is the expected freezing
point of the solution?

Given: 0.1 moles NaCl

500 g water
0 °C – Freezing point of water
1.86 °C/m - Kf of water

Asked: Freezing point of solution

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 Let’s Practice!

A solution contains 0.1 moles of sodium chloride (NaCl) dissolved in 500 grams
of water. The freezing point of pure water is 0 degrees Celsius, and the
cryoscopic constant for water (Kf) is 1.86 °C/m. What is the expected freezing
point of the solution?

Solution:

= 2.0 x 1.86 °C/m x m

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 Let’s Practice!

A solution contains 0.1 moles of sodium chloride (NaCl) dissolved in 500 grams
of water. The freezing point of pure water is 0 degrees Celsius, and the
cryoscopic constant for water (Kf) is 1.86 °C/m. What is the expected freezing
point of the solution?

Solution:

= 2.0 x 1.86 °C/m x m

Solve for molality

Molality = mol of solute / Kg solvent

= 0.1 mol NaCl / 0.5 kg water
= 0.2 m

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 Let’s Practice!

A solution contains 0.1 moles of sodium chloride (NaCl) dissolved in 500 grams
of water. The freezing point of pure water is 0 degrees Celsius, and the
cryoscopic constant for water (Kf) is 1.86 °C/m. What is the expected freezing
point of the solution?

Solution:

= 2.0 x 1.86 °C/m x 0.2 m

= 0.7 °C

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 Let’s Practice!

A solution contains 0.1 moles of sodium chloride (NaCl) dissolved in 500 grams
of water. The freezing point of pure water is 0 degrees Celsius, and the
cryoscopic constant for water (Kf) is 1.86 °C/m. What is the expected freezing
point of the solution?

Solution:

= 2.0 x 1.86 °C/m x 0.2 m

= 0.7 °C – Freezing point depression

Solve for the freezing point of the solution.

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 Let’s Practice!

A solution contains 0.1 moles of sodium chloride (NaCl) dissolved in 500 grams
of water. The freezing point of pure water is 0 degrees Celsius, and the
cryoscopic constant for water (Kf) is 1.86 °C/m. What is the expected freezing
point of the solution?

Solution: Solve for the freezing point of the solution

Tf = Ti - ∆Tf
= 0 °C - 0.7 °C
= - 0.7 °C

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 Let’s Practice!

A solution contains 0.1 moles of sodium chloride (NaCl) dissolved in 500 grams
of water. The freezing point of pure water is 0 degrees Celsius, and the
cryoscopic constant for water (Kf) is 1.86 °C/m. What is the expected freezing
point of the solution?

Solution: Solve for the freezing point of the solution

Tf = Ti - ∆Tf
= 0 °C - 0.74 °C
= - 0.7 °C – Freezing point of solution

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Lets Apply Our Learnings

What are some practical uses of

freezing point depression that can
be so useful in real-world
scenarios. Explain your answers

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. Science of Ice-Cream

Lowered freezing point of ice

cream through freezing point
depression creates a smooth
and creamy texture. Without it,
ice cream would freeze into a
hard, icy mass. Sugar and other
ingredients affect the degree of
freezing point depression.
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De-Icing Agents

Salt or saltwater solutions are

commonly used as de-icing agents on
roads, sidewalks, and airport runways.
The salt lowers the freezing point of
ice, causing it to melt and prevent the
formation of ice patches

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Antifreeze Solutions

The addition of antifreeze to coolants in

automotive engines helps prevent freezing and
damage to the engine block and radiator during
cold temperatures. Antifreeze solutions, typically
based on ethylene glycol or propylene glycol,
lower the freezing point of the coolant.

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Food Preservation
Freezing point depression is used in
freezing and storing perishable food
items. By lowering the freezing point of
the water content in the food, it can be
preserved for longer periods without
the formation of large ice crystals that
can damage the food's texture and
quality.

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Check Your Understanding

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 Check Your Understanding

Identify the terms described in each of the following

items.

1. This is the phenomenon that results in the lowering of

the freezing point of the solvent when a solute is
added.
2. The unit m stands for this unit of concentration.
3. This is the temperature at which the solid and liquid
forms are in equilibrium.
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 Check Your Understanding

Write T if the following statement is true. Otherwise,

write F.

4. Kf stands for freezing point elevation.

5. Freezing point depression is also dependent on the
temperature of the solute particles.

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Assignment

What is the freezing point of a solution

prepared by adding 140 g trichothecene
(C₁₉H₂₄O₅) to 0.746 kg of benzene? The
freezing point of pure benzene is 5.5 °C.
The freezing point constant for benzene is
5.12 °C/m. Molar mass of trichothecene is
332.39 g.
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Photo Credits

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