DETERMINING CONDUCTORS

OF HEAT AND ELECTRICITY

 When it comes to the flow of
electric current, all materials fall into three
categories:
•insulators
•conductors
•resistors
 EFFECTS OF HEAT AND
ELECTRICITY ON OBJECTS
 Conductor –
Any material that allows electric current
to pass through it
insulator conductor

•copper •any metal

•aluminum
•steel
Conductive material
(metal) is used for wires
that will carry electricity.

insulator

conductor
Insulator –
Any material that does not allow electric
current to pass through it
•like the protective coating on wires

•plastic •cloth
•rubber •wood
•glass
Insulators like plastic and
rubber are used as a
covering for electric wires.
This makes electric wires
safer to handle because the
insulator protects you from
the current.
Resistor
A material or a device that allows
some current to pass but converts
some of the current to another form
of energy.
These appliances have resistors that convert
electrical energy into
light energy.

into lig
eneeragt
MoStioounnd ener
eneerngeyrgy
These appliances have resistors that turn
electrical energy into
motion energy.

Heat
energy

Light energy

Sound energy
 These appliances have resistors that
change electrical energy into
heat energy.

Hea
ener
Sound e
energy
These appliances have resistors that convert
electrical energy into
sound energy.
 SEMICONDUCTORS
Semiconductors are materials which have a conductivity
between conductors (generally metals) and nonconductors or
insulators (such as most ceramics). Semiconductors can be
pure elements, such as silicon or germanium.

Semiconductors are an essential component of electronic

devices, enabling advances in communications, computing,
healthcare, military systems, transportation, clean energy, and
countless other applications.
A semiconductor can help controlled flow of electricity. The
basic function of such a device is to switch ON and OFF the flow of
electricity as and when required.
INTERACTION OF DIFFERENT OBJECTS
WITH LIGHT AND HEAT
 ABSORPTION AND TRANSMISSION OF LIGHT

LIGHT
is a form of energy that travels through air and
space in waves.

We can see with our eyes thanks to light.

OBJECTS REACT TO LIGHT
• TRANSPARENT: it doesn´t block
light

• TRANSLUCENT: blocks some light

but some passes through.

• OPAQUE: blocks the light

completely.
TRANSPARENT TRANSLUCENT OPAQUE
Basic laws of light
• REFLECTION: when light energy bounces off a surface
and changes direction.

• REFRACTION: when light passes through some

transparent substances, the light energy changes
direction slightly.
SCATTERING OF LIGHT
Scattering means light is redirected as it
passes through a medium
Sound is produced by vibrating
objects.

1.SPEED
2.INTENSITY
3.FREQUENCY
 Speed
The ability of a material to transmit sound
depends on a property called elasticity. The
more elastic the medium, the faster the sound
travels.
Rubber, plastic, and cloth are poor
transmitters of sound. Liquids are better
conductors of sound than gases.
 INTENSITY AND LOUDNESS
Intensity – the amount of energy the wave carries per
second through a given area.

Loudness also depends on the distance from the

source of the sound waves.

Sound intensity levels are measured in units called

decibels (dB).
It is a unit that compares the intensity of different
sounds
FREQUENCY AND PITCH
Frequency is the number of vibrations or sound waves per
second.

Audible range – can only respond to frequencies ranging

from 20 to 20, 000 Hz

Ultrasonic waves – sound waves of frequencies above 20,

000 Hz

Infrasound or low-frequency – sounds below 20 Hz (sounds

like vibrations of earthquakes and volcanoes
Ultrasound – any sound with a frequency
above human hearing range

Pitch – being referred to as the number of the

sound waves we are sending out per second
and it is related to frequency

(111) The Pitch and Loudness of Sound, and a Comparison of A

udible Frequency Ranges - YouTube