Central Dogma

KEY QUESTIONS

How is DNA made out of a DNA

template?
How is RNA made out of DNA
template?
How is Protein made out of RNA
template?
How does mutation result to change in
the structure and function if a protein?
Central Dogma:
-is the process by
which the
instructions or
information
(nitrogenous bases)
in the DNA are
converted into a
functional product-
protein
Characteristics of DNA:
*made up of 2
strands
-twisted
-in double helix
shape
Characteristics of DNA:
*Each strand is made
up of a sequence of 4
chemical bases
represented by the
letters A, C, G, and T
 There are three molecules that form the
basic building block of DNA, the
NUCLEOTIDES
 PHOSPHATE GROUP
 ONE SUGAR MOLECULE
 NITROGENOUS BASES ( ADENINE-
Thymine, Guanine-Cytosine)
Characteristics of DNA:

*The 2 strands are

complementary*
Characteristics of DNA:
Each strand
has a 5’ end
and a 3’
end*
Characteristics of DNA:
The 2
strands run
in opposite
directions.
Central Dogma:
Replication:
DNA replication
- 3D (1).mp4
Replication:
*Unwinding and
unzipping of the
DNA done by
helicase
Replication:
*Result in
the
formation of
a replication
fork*
Replication:
Replication:
*Primase
makes a
small piece
of RNA
called primer
Replication:
Replication:
*DNA polymerase
binds to the primer
and will make the
new strand of DNA
by adding bases in
1 direction (from
the 5’ end to the 3’
end)*
Replication:
Example: (leading strand)
3’
GGCGTACACACTCTATGTAA
10 20
C C G G T T C T G T G A C A A T C GA G
30 5’
Replication:
Answer:
CCGCATGTGTGAGATACATT
10
G G CC A A G A CA C T G T T A G C T C
30
Replication:
*DNA polymerase
makes the new
strand of lagging
strand by adding
bases in 1 direction
(from the 5’ end to
the 3’ end) but this
time in a series of
small chunk
Replication:
*Exonuclease
removes all
the RNA
primers from
both strands
of DNA
Replication:
*DNA
polymerase
then fills in the
gaps that are
left behind with
DNA by adding
bases
Replication:
*DNA ligase
seals up the
fragments of
DNA in both
strands to form
a continuous
double strand
Replication:
DNA
replication is
described as
semi-
conservative
*
Transcription:
-is the process of transcribing
(creating or replicating) a
complementary, newly
assembled piece of mRNA strand
out of the genetic information
stored in a sequence of DNA
-transcribing a mRNA from DNA
Transcription:
DNA transcription and transla
tion [HD animation].mp4
Transcription:
*The gene,
which codes for
an RNA, begins
with a promoter
region and ends
in a terminator
region
Transcription:
3 stages:
initiation
elongation
termination
Transcription:
Initiation:
*RNA
polymerase
binds to the
promoter
region
Transcription:
Initiation:
*the DNA
double helix
unwinds and
unzips
Transcription:
Elongation:
*the RNA
polymerase slides
along the
template DNA
strand to add
bases to create
the mRNA
Transcription:
Exmple:
CAC
AAA
ACA
ATG
ATA
TTA
GTA
TTC
TCC
Transcription:
Answer:
CAC -GUG
AAA -UUU
ACA -UGU
ATG -UAC
ATA -UAU
TTA -AAU
GTA -CAU
TTC -AAG
TCC -AGG
Transcription:
Termination:
*the RNA
polymerase, the
DNA strand, and
mRNA transcript
dissociate from
each other
Transcription:
Termination:
mRNA is
modified by
adding 5’ cap
and a 3’ poly-
A tail
Transcription:
mRNA that is made
during transcription
includes regions
called exons that
code for a protein,
and non-coding
sections called
introns*
Transcription:
Termination:
*spliceosome
removes the
introns through
the process
called intron
splicing
Transcription:
Termination:
*spliceosomes
bind to the ends
of the introns and
join the adjacent
exons to produce
a mature mRNA
Transcription:
Termination:
*the mature
mRNA strand
leaves the nucleus
trough a nuclear
pore and enters
the cytoplasm
Translation:
Once the
mRNA is
already in the
cytoplasm,
translation
will begin
Translation:
*is the process by which
mRNA is decoded and
translated to produce a
polypeptide sequence,
otherwise known as a
protein
Translation:
*the
nitrogenous
bases are
grouped into
3 letter codes
–codons*
Translation:
Example:
GUGUUUUGUUACU
10
A U A A U C A U A AG A G G
20
Translation:
Answer:
GUG UUU UGU UAC UAU
AAU CAU AAG AGG
Trivia!!!
-there are 64 codons which
code for amino acids
Trivia!!!
-4 out of 64 are special
codons:
AUG-”start” codon
UAA, UAG, UGA
–”stop” codons
Translation:
3 stages:
initiation
elongation
termination
Translation:
Initiation:
*small
ribosomal
subunit binds to
the start codon
of the mRNA
strand
Translation:
Initiation:
*amino acid is
brought to the
ribosome by a
specific transfer
RNA molecule*
Translation:
Example:
AUG CAC AAA ACA AUA
UUA GUA UUC UCC UAA
Translation:
Example:
Anticodon:
AUG CAC AAA ACA AUA
UUA GUA UUC UCC UAA
Amino Acid:
Met His Lys Thr Ile
Leu Val Phe Ser Stop
Amino Acids:
Ala: Alanine Arg: Arginine
Asn: Asparagine Asp: Aspartic acid
Cys: Cysteine Glu: Glutamic acid
Gln: Glutamine Gly: Glycine
His: Histidine Ile: Isoleucine
Leu: Leucine Lys: Lysine
Met: Methionine Phe: Phenylalanine
Pro: Proline Ser: Serine
Thr: Threonine Trp: Tryptophan
Tyr: Tyrosine Val: Valine
Translation:
Initiation:
*tRNA
molecule
binds to
start codon
Translation:
Initiation:
*the large
ribosomal subunit
binds to the start
codon to form the
translation
complex
Translation:
the large
ribosomal
subunit has 3
distinct regions,
called the E, P,
and A sites
Translation:
Translation:
Elongation:
*tRNA molecule
binds to the A site
and a peptide bond
forms between its
amino acid and the
one attached to the
tRNA molecule at the
P site
Translation:
Elongation:
*the translation
complex slides
down one
codon to the
right*
Translation:
Elongation:
*uncharged tRNA
molecule exits
from the E site and
the A site is open
to accept the next
tRNA molecule
Translation:
2nd step: the translation complex slides
down one codon to the right
3rd step: uncharged tRNA molecule
exits from the E site and the A site is
open to accept the next tRNA molecule
(Note: These 2nd and 3rd steps continue
until a stop codon is reached.)
Translation:
Termination:
*A release factor
binds to the A site
at a stop codon
and the
polypeptide is
released from the
tRNA in the P site
Translation:
Termination:
*the entire
complex
dissociates and can
reassemble to
begin the process
again at initiation