Calculus &

Analytical
Geometry
(MATH- 101)
 Derivative

 Book: Thomas Calculus (14th Edition) by George B. Thomas, Maurice D. Weir, Joel R. Hass, Frank R. Giordano
 Chapter: 3 (3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.5)
Definition of Derivative
The derivative is the formula which gives the slope of the tangent line at any point
for The derivative of the function with respect to the variable is the function
whose value at is

Note: the limit must exist

• No hole
• No jump
• No sharp corner
Geometric interpretation of the Derivative
Examples
Alternate Form of the Derivative
(can only be used when finding the derivative at a specific point!!)
Differentiable on an Interval; One-Sided Derivatives
• A function is differentiable on an open interval (finite or infinite) if it has a derivative at each point
of the interval.

• A function differentiable on a closed interval if it is

differentiable on the interior and if the limits:

exist at the end points.

Alternative Definition of One-Sided Derivatives
A function differentiable on a closed interval if it is differentiable on the interior and
if the limits:
¿ − hand derivative at 𝑎

Provided

exist at the end points. ¿ hand derivative at 𝑏

Example:

Solution:
is continuous at but let’s look at the following one
sided limits.

𝑓 (0+ h)− 𝑓 (0) ¿ |h| −h

lim = lim |0+h|−∨0∨ = lim = lim =−1. ¿
−
h→0 h h→0
− h h→ 0 h h → 0 h − −

lim ¿
+¿ 𝑓 ( 0 + h) − 𝑓 ( 0)
h→ 0 = lim ¿ ¿
h h→ 0 +¿ |0+ h| −∨ 0∨ ¿ = lim ¿¿ ¿
h |h |
h → 0 +¿ = lim ¿ ¿
h h
h →0 + ¿ = 1. ¿
h
Example:
When Does a Function Not Have a Derivative at a Point?
• A function is differentiable if it has a derivative everywhere in its domain. It
must be continuous and smooth. Functions on closed intervals must have
one-sided derivatives defined at the end points.

• A function will not have a derivative at point when the slopes of the secant
lines,

fail to approach a limit as approaches .

When Does a Function Not Have a Derivative at a Point?
A function will fail to have a derivative at a point where the graph has:
1. A corner, where the one-sided derivatives differ, example
When Does a Function Not Have a Derivative at a Point?
2. A cusp, where the slopes of the secant lines approach infinity from one
side and negative infinity from the other (an extreme case of a corner).
When Does a Function Not Have a Derivative at a Point?
3. A vertical tangent, where the slopes of the secant lines approach either
infinity or negative infinity from both sides.
When Does a Function Not Have a Derivative at a Point?
4. A discontinuity (which will cause one or both of the one-sided derivatives
to be non-existent). Example, the Unit Step Function.
When Does a Derivative Not Exist?
When Does a Derivative Not Exist?
Example:
When Does a Derivative Not Exist?
Example:
When Does a Derivative Not Exist?
Example:
is not differentiable at
When Does a Derivative Not Exist?
When Does a Derivative Not Exist?
Example: Finding where a function is not differentiable
Find all points in the domain of where is not differentiable.
Solution:
• Think graphically! The graph of this function is the same as that of the function
translated units to the right and the 3 units up.
• This puts the corner at the point so this function is not differentiable at .
• At every other point, the graph is (locally) a straight line and has derivative of
or (again, just like ).
Differentiability by function type
• Most of the functions we encounter in calculus are differentiable wherever they
are defined.
• They will not have corners, cusps, vertical tangent lines, or points of
discontinuity within their domains.
• The graphs will be unbroken and smooth, with a well-defined slope at each point.
• Polynomials are differentiable, as are rational functions, trigonometric functions,
exponential functions, and logarithmic functions.
• Composites of differentiable functions are differentiable, and so are sums,
products, integer powers, and quotients of differentiable functions, where
defined.
Theorem: Differentiability Implies Continuity
If has a derivative at then is continuous at .

CAUTION!!!
• The converse of Theorem is false. A function need not have a derivative
at a point where it is continuous.
• For example: is continuous at but it is not differentiable at .
Differentiation Rules
Rules Function Derivative
Constant
Multiplication by constant
Power Rule
Sum Rule
Difference Rule
Product Rule
Quotient Rule
Derivatives of some common functions
Derivatives of some common functions
Practice:
Determine the derivatives of the following functions:

1. .

2.

3. .
Second- and Higher-Order Derivatives
Let be differentiable on some interval The derivative:

of is also a function and it may also possess derivative in If we apply the

definition of derivative to the resulting limit, (if it exists) is called second
derivative of and is denoted by:

Thus,
.
Second- and Higher-Order Derivatives
Continuing in this way, we can evaluate the third, fourth and higher derivatives of
whenever they exist. The successive derivatives of are denoted by:

Or

Or

Or where
The Second Derivative
Consider the following function

By differentiating this function, we get

This is a function and so it can be differentiated. Thus, we have

This is called the second derivative of the given function .

The Higher-order Derivative
Again,

This is a function as so we can differentiate it again. This will be called the third
derivative

Continuing,

Note that since the given function is a cubic polynomial so fourth and all other
higher-order derivatives will be zero.
Example: Finding Higher Derivatives
Let then
Practice
Determine the order derivatives of the following functions:

1.

2.

3.

4.
Practice (1)
Determine the order derivative of
Solution:
Given that then
Glossary
a)
1) .
2) .
Glossary

.
Glossary
c)
 Practice Questions
Book: Thomas Calculus (14th Edition) by George B. Thomas, Maurice D. Weir,
Joel R. Hass, Frank R. Giordano
• Chapter: 3
• Exercise: 3.1
Q # 5 – 22, 29 – 34
• Exercise: 3.2
Q # 1 – 31, 37 – 50
• Exercise: 3.3
Q # 1 – 40, 57 – 66
• Exercise: 3.5
Q # 1 – 34