Bus Arbitration

Bhavya I Naik
2AB21EC002
Topics

01. Introduction
02. Centralized arbitration
03. Distributed arbitration

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Introduction

Bus Arbitration refers to the process by which the current bus master accesses and then leaves the control of the bus and
passes it to another bus requesting processor unit. The controller that has access to a bus at an instance is known as a
Bus master.
The Bus Arbiter decides who would become the current bus master.

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Centralised arbitration using
daisy chain

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Centralised arbitration using daisy
chain
 A DMA controller indicates that it needs to become the bus master by activating the Bus-Request
line, BR.

 The signal on the Bus-Request line is the logical OR of the bus requests from all the devices
connected to it.

 When Bus Request is activated, the processor activates the Bus Grant signal, BG1, indicating to the
DMA controllers that they may use the bus when it becomes free. This signal is connected to all
DMA controllers using a daisy-chain arrangement.

 If DMA controller I is requesting the bus, it blocks the propagation of the grant signal to other
devices. Otherwise, it passes the grant downstream by asserting BG2.

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Centralised arbitration using
daisy chain
 The current bus master indicates to all de vices that it is using the bus by
activating another open-collector line called Bus Busy.

 Hence, after receiving the Bus Grant signal, a DMA controller waits for Bus Busy
to become inactive, indicating that the bus is free. When this happens, the DMA
controller assumes mastership of the bus. It activates Bus Busy to prevent other
devices from using the bus at the same time.

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Distributed arbitration

 Arbitration process does not depend on a central

arbiter and hence distributed arbitration has
higher reliability.
 Each device is assigned a 4 bit ID number.
When one or more devices request the bus the
assert the start arbitration signal and place that
4 bit ID number on the 4 open collector lines,
ABR0 through ABR3.
 A winner he selected has the result of
interaction among the signals transmitted over
these lines by all the contenders

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Example…

1. Consider the devices

A 0101
B 0110

2. Doing OR Operation on A&B

3. we will get 0111, then comparing contender code with device A and device B ID number

4.For A it will be 0100 & for B 0110

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Thank you