1.Which statement about heat is incorrect?

A. Heat is a form of energy that travels from regions of

high temperature to low temperature.
B. Heat is the kinetic energy of particles
C. Heat can travel by conduction, convection and
radiation.
D. Heat can increase the kinetic energy of particles.
2. What is the definition of temperature?

A. A measure of the thermal energy the particles in a

system have.
B. A measure of the kinetic energy the particles have.
C. A measure of the potential energy the particles have.
D. A measure of the average kinetic energy the particles
have.
3. What is meant by the term internal energy?
A. The total kinetic and potential energy a substance
possesses?
B. The total kinetic and potential energy possessed by
the particles in a substance.
C. The total kinetic energy possessed by the particles in
a substance.
D. The total potential energy possessed by the particles
in a substance.
 Temperature
E
D
C
B
A
Heat received
4. A substance in the solid state is heated. The graph above represents how its
temperature changes as it is heated with periods A-E.
a) During which period(s) does the kinetic energy of the particles increase?
A,C,E
b) During which period(s) does the potential energy of particles increase?
B,D
c) During which period(s) does the internal energy of the particles increase?
A,B,C,D,E
Temperature

E
D
C
B
A
Heat received

5. During periods B and D, what is happening to the particles?

A. The particles were increasing speed.
B. The particles were moving further apart.
C. The particles were increasing speed and moving further apart.
D. The particles were neither increasing speed nor moving further
apart.
 Temperature E
D
C
B
A
Heat received

6. The amount of heat required to complete the change in D depends upon:

A. The mass and the specific latent heat of fusion of the substance
B. The mass and the specific latent heat of vaporisation of the substance.
C. The mass, the specific latent heat of fusion and the temperature change of the
substance.
D. The mass, the specific latent heat of vaporisation and the temperature change of
the substance..
 E
Temperature D
C
B
A
Heat received

6. During period A, which quantity does the amount of energy

required relate to?
A. The specific heat capacity of the substance.
B. The specific latent heat of vaporisation of the substance.
C. The specific latent heat of fusion of the substance.
D. The specific heat capacity of the substance.
Describe the changes in motion, arrangement and energy of its
particles as a solid is heated until it reaches its gas state.
Solids:
• Particles are vibrating around a fixed position.
• Very ordered.
• Close together
• Lowest amount of kinetic energy (as at lowest temperature) and therefore the least
internal energy (= the sum of all the kinetic and potential energies of the particles).

Liquids:
• Particles are able to slide past one another.
• less ordered/randomly distributed.
• Larger amount of kinetic energy (as at higher temperature) and some extra potential
energy (as the particles have separated during the state change).

Gases:
• Particles moving rapidly and randomly (with a range of speeds).
• Completely disordered.
• Very far apart
• Largest amount of kinetic energy (as at highest temperature) and the most potential
energy (due to the particles having completely separated) and therefore the most
internal energy.
7. Water has a specific heat capacity of 4,200J/kg⁰C
Describe what this means.
1 kg of water requires 4200J to raise its temperature by 1⁰C

Water has a latent heat of vaporisation of 2.26MJ/kg. Explain

what this means.
2.26Mj of energy is required to turn 1kg of water into 1kg of
steam at constant temperature.
8. Hot water is pumped into a radiator to heat a room.
• Water has a specific heat capacity of 4,200J/ ⁰C kg.
• Water enters at a temperature of 65 ⁰C and leaves at a
temperature of 58 ⁰C
• The radiator gives out heat to the surroundings at a rate of 2.5kW.
• Calculate the rate of flow of water through the radiator in kg/s.

mCΔΘ = E
mCΔΘ/t = E/t
Let t = 1s
m/s x CΔΘ = E/s (power)
m/s = E/s/(CΔΘ)
= 2500/(4200 x 7)
= 0.085kg/s
The specific heat capacity of water = 4200J/kg °C
A kettle filled with 1.2kg of water at 100°C cools down to room
temperature of 24°C in 2 hours.
Calculate the water’s average rate of heat loss in Watts to 2
significant figures.

Energy loss = 1.2 x 4200 x 76

= 383040J

Rate of heat loss = Energy loss/time = 383040/(2 x 60 x 60)

= 53.2W

Rate of heat loss = 53 W

9.
Water has a specific heat capacity of 4200J/Kg ⁰C
Water has a latent heat of vaporisation of 2.26MJ/kg⁰C
A sample of water is initially at a temperature of 20⁰C.
Calculate the mass of this water that could be turned into steam by
1.0GJ of heat.

Expression for the energy required:

E = mCΔΘ + mL Now lets put the numbers in.
1.0 x 109 = m(4200 x 80) + m(2.26x106) lets tidy up
1.0 x 109 = m(2,596,000) lets rearrange
m = 1.0 x109/2,596,000 There you go!
= 385kg Voila!
11. Use the particles model to explain how a gas exerts a pressure on
the walls of its container.
• Gas particles moving around at high speed.
• Collide with walls of their container.
• Exerting a force on the walls (or a rate of change of momentum).
• Pressure = Force/area – therefore they exert a pressure on the
wall
10. Explain why reducing the temperature of a gas in a fixed
container decreases the pressure it exerts (on the walls of its
container).
• Lower temperature means the gas particles have less KE/move
at a lower speed.
• Therefore they collide less frequently with the walls (or fewer
collisions per unit time).
• And with less force per collision (smaller rate of change of
momentum).
• Force exerted on the same area is less.
• So less pressure exerted as Pressure = Force/area
12. A fixed mass of gas occupies a volume of 25 litres and has a
pressure of 1.2 x105 Pa.
It is slowly and gently compressed until it occupies a volume of 14
litres. Calculate the new pressure of the gas.
PV = constant
P1V1 = P2V2
P2 = P1V1/V2
= 1.2x105 x 25/14
=2.1(4) x 105Pa
Explain what would happen to the pressure exerted by the gas if the
compression occurred forcefully.
• Work would be done on the gas.
• This would increase the kinetic energy (or internal energy) of the
particles.
• The temperature would rise
• Gas would exert a greater pressure as a result.
13. Explain how you would deduce the density of the following,
outlining the measuring instruments you would use.
a) A cuboid shaped material
b) A liquid
c) An irregularly shaped object.
a) Ruler – measure length/breadth/height
Multiply together.
Measure mass on top pan balance
Density = mass/volume
b)
Measure mass of measuring cylinder.
Add (e.g.) 100cm3 of liquid
Measure mass of 100ml of liquid and subtract mass of measuring
cylinder.
Density = mass/volume
c)
Place water in eureka/displacement can.
Fully submerge object into the water.
Collect the water displaced by the object in a
measuring cylinder
Measure mass on top pan balance.
Density = mass/volume