1ypes of waLer polluLlon Lhelr lmpacL on

envlronmenL and agroecosysLem

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CHAt0RA HuSHAt KuHAR
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JhaL ls JaLer olluLlon?
Any physical (temperature, oxygen), chemical
(mercury), or biological (disease, sewage) change to
water that adversely effects its use by living things
The massive quantity of pollutants produced by > 6
billion humans, their machines, plants, animals
The limited supply of fresh liquid water into which most
water-destined pollutants are discharged
ources of olluLlon ources of olluLlon
-o|nt sources (eg facLorles sewage LreaLmenL planLs
mlnes oll wells oll Lankers)
-Nonpo|nt sources (eg acld deposlLlon subsLances
plcked up ln runoff seepage lnLo groundwaLer)
Agriculture is largest source of water pollution in the
U.S. (64% of pollutants into streams and 57% of pollutants
entering lakes)
ontam|nat|on
-aLure of sources of conLamlnaLlon polnL and nonpolnL
olnL source
ulscharge lnLo surface waLers aL a speclflc locaLlon
Lhrough a plpe ouLfall or dlLch
-onpolnL lndlrecL or dlffuse effecL on waLer -$ more
dlfflculL Lo conLrol
eg agrlculLural acLlvlLles
urban runoff
@pes of o||ut|on
ewage and oLher oxygen demandlng wasLe
lnfecLlous agenLs
lanL nuLrlenLs
LxoLlc organlc chemlcals
lnorganlc mlnerals and chemlcal compounds
edlmenLs
8adloacLlve subsLances
PeaL
sewage
o The release of wastewater from drains or sewers
ncludes human wastes, soaps, and detergents
auses 2 serlous envlronmenLal problems
LnrlchmenL
lerLlllzaLlon of a body of waLer by hlgh levels of planL and
algal nuLrlenLs (nlLrogen and phosphorus)
lncrease ln lologlcal Cxygen uemand (Cu)
AmounL of oxygen needed by mlcroorganlsms Lo decompose
blologlcal wasLes
As Cu lncreases ulssolve Cxygen (uC) decreases
onL
The waste water that flows after being used for
domestic, industrial and other purposes is termed as
sewage water.
About 2.3 billion people in the world suffer from diseases
that are linked to water
Cause of Sewage water poIIution
verflow, spill, or release of raw or partially-treated
sewage from a sanitary sewer collection system.
Pipes are blocked by tree roots, grease and debris in
sewage.
The private or public sewer lines are cracked.
on
An aging sewer infrastructure also increases the occurrence
and severity of overflows.
Storm flows received may be in excess of system capacity
which can result in overflows from the sewerage pipe network.
verflows caused by rainwater getting into the sewer through
faults in pipes or illegal connections, exceeding the capacity
of the system.
Poorly fitting cracked or broken inspection holes on the mains
sewer system can let water into the sewerage system
Cu (blologlcal oxygen demand)
organic matter oxidized by micro organism to co
2
and
H
2
0
Test requirement 5 days
Result in 0
2
mg/l
Normally should be 5 mg/l, higher in cold water
especially in spawning area 7 mg/l
onL
erob|c cond|t|on
+ C
2
C
2
+ C C
2
+ C C
4
- + C -P
3

-C
3

narob|c cond|t|on
P
4
P
2

P
3
- amlne
lnfecLlous agenL
Waste from municipalities, sanatorium, tanning and
slaughtering plants source of bacteria or other M..
Many of epidemic diseases transmitted in human
population are transmitted by water ex. cholera
typhoid,
Severe cholera epidemic 1894 in London,1971 in
Pakistan
MPN
Fecal coliform count:
Maximum level
2000/100ml Recreational use
200/100ml primary contact(swimming)
1/100ml drinking water
JaLerborne acLerla
scbetlcblo coll
vlbtlo sp
Disease symptoms usually are explosive
emissions from either end of the digestive
tract
lndlcaLor 1esLs
1oLal collform
Lndo agar
lecal collform
ml agar
lecal sLrepLococcl
MenLerococcus
lnorganlc lanL -uLrlenLs
Phosphorus and nitrogen are the major concerns
Sources:
Human, animal (e.g., Hog Farms), and industrial waste
Storm water
Soil erosion
Excessive use of fertilizers for crops, lawns, and home
gardens
elecLed olluLanLs -uLrlenLs elecLed olluLanLs -uLrlenLs
Eutrophication is characterized by
rapid increase in plant life. An example
is the algae bloom shown here.
Algae blooms block sunlight so plants
below die.
Decomposition of dead plants
consumes oxygen.
Low oxygen conditions may kill fish
etc.
Aesthetics (color, clarity, smell)
Uptake and release of toxics
High nutrient concentrations can cause Eutrophication ("well-fed in
Greek) of water bodies
conL
CllgoLrophlc
unenrlched clear waLer LhaL supporLs small
populaLlons of aquaLlc organlsms
onL
LuLrophlc
lowflowlng sLream lake or esLuary enrlched by lnorganlc planL
and algal nuLrlenLs such as phosphorus
CfLen due Lo ferLlllzer or sewage runoff
AcceleraLed resulLs wlLh human lnpuL of nuLrlenLs Lo a lake
LuLrophlcaLlon LuLrophlcaLlon
rooks$ole ubllshlng ompany $ l1 JaLer 8esources and JaLer olluLlon JaLer 8esources and JaLer olluLlon by lool klcb
Crganlc chemlcals
otic sources:
Surfactant in detergents, pesticides, variious industrial
products and decomposition products
Synthetic chemicals are most abundant and most toxic
pollutants, especially rganchlorine
Con
n
expressed in PPm by weight(mg/l)
2pact:
Toxic to fish even at low con
c
such as 1 PPm Phenol
Many are not biologically degraded
concenLraLlons
lncrease aL
lncreaslng levels ln
Lhe food chaln
s uu1 eLc
lologlcal MagnlflcaLlon lologlcal MagnlflcaLlon
lnorganlc mlnerals and chemlcal compounds
Metals(naturally occurring Ar, Zn, Pb, Hg ) and acid
Metals atoms chemically bind to protein molecules such
as enzymes interfering with their functions
Acid release into natural water by coal, metal mines or
acid rain
aquatic organisms, different types fishes vary in their
tolerance to acidity
Ccean olluLlon Mercury and
MlnamaLa ulsease
Mercury has many
lndusLrlal uses buL ls
exLremely Loxlc
A chemlcal planL
released large
quanLlLles of mercury
lnLo MlnamaLa ay
!apan
8esldenLs who aLe
hlghly conLamlnaLed
flsh suffered
neurologlcal dlsease
and blrLh dlsorders
b po|s|on|ng
Lead poisoning (also known
as plumbism, colica
Pictonum, saturnism, Devon colic,
or painter's colic)
toxic to many organs and tissues
including
the heart,bones, intestines, kidneys,
and reproductive and nervous systems.
Learning behavior
Abdominal pain
Hedache
Anaemia
Coma, death
Dense metaphyseal lines from lead poisoning
edlmenL olluLlon
conL
Lxcesslve amounLs of suspended soll parLlcles
CrlglnaLes from eroslon of agrlculLural lands
foresL solls exposed by logglng degraded sLream
banks overgrazed rangelands sLrlp mlnes and
consLrucLlon
roblems
LlmlLs llghL peneLraLlon
overs aquaLlc anlmals and planLs
rlngs lnsoluble Loxlns lnLo waLerways
8adloacLlve subsLances
Harmful radiations in water may results from
waste of uranium & thorium mining & refining nuclear
power plant.
industrial, medial & scientific utilization
MPACT:
Cancer causing, genetic effect, deformity results from a
radiation induced mutation
1hermal polluLlon
Water released from steam power plant
MPACT
evaporation rate increases 5 times faster at 32%c than at
15.5%c.
rate of chemical reaction increases
affect spawning, egg development, and growth
coral reef, 1998 exceptionally warm year showed sign of
definite damage
Green algae 30% to 35%c
blue algae - 35% to 40%c
8eferences
Environmental science system and solutions ,4
th
edition, by- Micheal
L. Mc Kinney. Robert M. schoch Logan Yonavjak