IdentifyingtheVariousElements,Techniques,

andLiteraryDevicesin

Fictio
OBJECTIVES
• Students will be able to define
fiction
• Students will be able to identify the
various types of fiction
• Students will be able to differentiate
the sub-types of some of the elements
FICTION
• From ‘fictus’ meaning ‘to
form’ or to create
• A product of someone’s
imagination
FICTION
Fiction is a form of literature that is
created from the imagination of the
author rather than being based on
reality.
ELEMENTS OF
FICTION
 SETTING
Setting is the time and
location that the story
takes place.
In a faraway land lived a very wealthy
merchant along with his daughter,
Beauty. One day while traveling, the
merchant was lost in the woods and saw
a castle after walking for hours.
 SETTING
Location
Where the events
takes place.
 SETTING
Time Period
When the story
happens.
• Place - the geographical location
• Time - The historical, time of day, or year
• Weather Conditions - Is it rainy, sunny, stormy, etc.
• Social Conditions - The daily life of the character
• Mood or Atmosphere - What feeling is created at the
beginning of the story
CHARACTER

The character is the one performing

the story. They have their own
personality, traits, experiences, and
they do things that move the story
forward.
 BASED ON
Protagonist
FOCUS
The main character in the story. Someone who has a
moral personality.

Antagonist
The villain. Someone in conflict with the Protagonist.
This maybe because of their differences.
 LOVE INTEREST
A love interest is a character whose role in a story
is that of a lover or potential lover to another
character, especially the protagonist.

Example: The Amazing Spiderman Peter Parker and Gwen

Stacy
 CONFIDANT
This type of character is the
protagonist's best friend, assistant
or sidekick
Example: The animated series “Adventure Time” main character Finn
with his dog bestfriend Jake
 DEUTERAGONIST
A deuteragonist is a character who
serves as the protagonist's deputy.

Example: Darth Vader in Star Wars

 FOIL
In any narrative, a foil is a character who
contrasts with another character, typically, a
character who contrasts with the protagonist.

Example: Draco Malfoy, serves as an excellent foil character in the Harry

Potter series
 CHARACTER
StaticDEVELOPMENT
• The character is stagnant.
• There’s no character change.

Dynamic
• The character goes through character change
throughout the story.
• There is a significant character change.
 CHARACTERIZA
Round Character
TION
• The character showcases a varieties of
attitude and personalities.
• Like a 3D figure which you can see
details from different angles
 CHARACTERIZA
Flat Character
TION
• We can only see one side of the
character’s personality.
• These are mostly the minor characters.
 STOCK CHARACTER
• Stock characters are ones who represent specific
stereotypes. These characters are types and not
individuals.
• Instantly recognized

Examples: The ruthless businessman, The blond Girl, The white haired
libriarian
 STEREOTYPE
CHARACTER
A stereotype is an oversimplified notion or
characterization. Stereotypes can be
applied to a person or a group of people.

Example: the innocent child and the dumb jock

PLOT
• Plot consists of the
series of events with a
beginning, middle, and
ending.
• Sequence of events
LINEAR PLOT
Linear plot begins at a
certain point, moves through
a series of events to a
climax and then ends up at
another point.
LINEAR PLOT
The primary advantage of using a
linear plot is that the reader knows,
or at least has an idea, of where the
plot goes next, and the reader is
guaranteed to get a beginning and
ending.
EPISODIC PLOT
Made up of a series of chapters
or stories linked together by the
same character, place, or theme but
held apart by their individual
plot, purpose, and
subtext.
Exposition
• It is the beginning of the story
where the characters are revealed
and the setting is described.
Once upon a time there was a dear little girl who was loved
by every one who looked at her, but most of all by her
grandmother, and there was nothing that she would not
have given to the child. Once she gave her a little cap of red
velvet, which suited her so well that she would never wear
anything else. So she was always called Little Red Riding
Hood.
Rising Action
• it is where the conflict or the
problem begins.
"Where does your grandmother live, Little Red Riding Hood?"
"A good quarter of a league farther on in the wood. Her house stands under the three
large oak-trees, the nut-trees are just below. You surely must know it," replied Little Red
Riding Hood.

The wolf thought to himself, "What a tender young creature. What a nice plump
mouthful, she will be better to eat than the old woman. I must act craftily, so as to catch
both." So he walked for a short time by the side of Little Red Riding Hood, and then he
said, "see Little Red Riding Hood, how pretty the flowers are about here. Why do you
not look round. I believe, too, that you do not hear how sweetly the little birds are
singing. You walk gravely along as if you were going to school, while everything else out
here in the wood is merry."
Climax
• It is the most interesting part
whether the conflict/problem will
be solved or not
• Point of highest dramatic tension
 "Oh, grandmother," she said, "what big ears you have."
"The better to hear you with, my child," was the reply.
"But, grandmother, what big eyes you have," she said.
"The better to see you with, my dear."
"But, grandmother, what large hands you have."
"The better to hug you with."
"Oh, but, grandmother, what a terrible big mouth you have."
"The better to eat you with."
Falling Action
• It is where the problems or
complications start to fall
• The problem slowly gets resolve
When the wolf had appeased his appetite, he lay down again in the bed, fell
asleep and began to snore very loud. The huntsman was just passing the
house, and thought to himself, how the old woman is snoring. I must just
see if she wants anything.
So he went into the room, and when he came to the bed, he saw that the
wolf was lying in it. "Do I find you here, you old sinner," said he. "I have
long sought you."
Then just as he was going to fire at him, it occurred to him that the wolf
might have devoured the grandmother, and that she might still be saved, so
he did not fire, but took a pair of scissors, and began to cut open the
stomach of the sleeping wolf.
Resolution
• The final outcome of events in
the story
• Ending of the story
 Little Red Riding Hood, however, was on her guard, and went straight
forward on her way, and told her grandmother that she had met the wolf, and
that he had said good-morning to her, but with such a wicked look in his
eyes, that if they had not been on the public road she was certain he would
have eaten her up. "Well," said the grandmother, "we will shut the door, that
he may not come in."
Then the smell of the sausages reached the wolf, and he sniffed and peeped
down, and at last stretched out his neck so far that he could no longer keep
his footing and began to slip, and slipped down from the roof straight into
the great trough, and was drowned. But Little Red Riding Hood went
joyously home, and no one ever did anything to harm her again.
CONFLICT
The opposition of forces
which ties incident to another
and makes the plot move.
Also known as the struggle.
TYPES OF CONFLICT
External - A struggle with a force outside one's self.
Internal - A struggle within one's self; a
person must make some decision,
overcome pain, quiet their temper, resist an urge,
etc.
MAN VS. SELF
The character’s Struggle takes place in his/her own mind.
Usually has something to do with a choice (choosing
between right or wrong), or it may have to do with
overcoming emotions or mixed feelings.
MAN VS. SELF
• Aladdin is very poor and wishes for more. He becomes
prince Ali because he doesn't think he is good enough for
Jasmine.
• Katniss Everdeen in The Hunger Games must reconcile
her need to survive in the battle arena with her desire not
to kill another human being
MAN VS. MAN

The leading character struggles with his physical

strength against other men, forces of nature, or animals.
A character struggles with
another character.
MAN VS. MAN
• In The Hunger Games, Katniss Everdeen must
go up against other contestants in order to
survive – her vs. them
• In The Wizard of Oz, Dorothy faces off against
the Wicked Witch
MAN VS. NATURE

A character struggles with a force of nature

(natural disaster, desolation, animal, etc.)
MAN VS. NATURE
• A classic example is Ernest Hemingway’s Old Man
and the Sea
• In Life of Pi, the protagonist must face a tiger
trapped in the boat with him
• The drought is a formidable opposition in John
Steinbeck’s Grapes of Wrath, as is the setting in
Cormac McCarthy’s The Road
MAN VS. SOCIETY

The character fights against social traditions or

rules (fight for freedom, rights, for a cause etc.)
MAN VS. SOCIETY
• Atticus Finch opposed his racist
community in Harper Lee’s To Kill a
Mockingbird
• Wilbur fights for his survival against a
society that eats pigs in Charlotte’s Web
MAN VS. FATE
This type of Conflicts occurs when is trapped
by an inevitable destiny, freedom and free.
MAN VS. SUPERNATURAL

A conflict between a character and something that is not

normal in some way. Supernatural elements
include ghosts, omens, and superstitions.
MAN VS. SUPERNATURAL
• The Shining, by Stephen King
• The Haunting of Hill House, by Shirley Jackson
• The War of the Worlds, by H.G. Wells
• The Exorcist
• Jeff Vandermeer’s Southern Reach series
• Almost anything by Edgar Allan Poe
MAN VS. TECHNOLOGY
The protagonist must overcome a machine
or technology. Most often the encounter
with the machine or technology is through
the character's own doing.
MAN VS. TECHNOLOGY
• 2001: A Space Odyssey
• Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein
• I, Robot
• Apollo 13
THEME
It is the central
message of the
story.
POINT OF VIEW
The angle from which the story is
told by the protagonist. An author
chooses from a perspective of a
character to achieve its purpose.
FIRST
PERSON
The story is told by the protagonist. Speaker uses the
pronounce “I”, “me”, “we”. The readers experience the
story through this person’s eyes. The reader only knows
what the speaker knows and feels.
 FIRST
PERSON
I was only seven years old when my family moved to
the United States. We took a vacation that allowed us to
explore our nation from east to west and north to south.
My friend and I finally relaxed once we got to the
beach and waded into the ocean.
SECOND
PERSON
The story is told by a narrator. The speaker
uses pronounce “you”, “your”, and “yours”.
SECOND
PERSON
You feel your heart race, and the air around
you seems to crystalize. But the only way
forward is to move your feet.
THIRD
PERSON
The story is told by a narrator who sees all the actions;
speaker uses the pronounce “she”, “he”, “it”, “they”,
“his”, “hers”, “its”, and “theirs”. This person may be a
character in the story.
THIRD
PERSON
She sat in the café waiting for her food
to arrive. “What is taking so long?”
she thought.
 THIRD
• PERSON
Omniscient - all knowing
• Limited Omniscient - restricted to a single
character
• Objective - unbiased, doesn't reveal the
thoughts or feelings of the characters
TONE
Tone expresses an
author's attitude
toward his or her
subject
MOOD
How readers feel after
reading a book or a short
story, or after watching a
film
STYLE
• Refers to the
characteristics of a
particular work of
fiction.
• Writing Style
LITERARY
DEVICES
IN
FICTION
 SIMILE
It is the comparison of
two unlike objects using
the word “like” or “as”
EXAMPLE
• I run like a wind.
• The news hit me like
a ton of bricks.
METAPHOR
It is the comparison of two
unlike objects directly
without using the word “like”
or “as”
EXAMPLE
• My mom has a heart of gold.
• My friend's sister, Sharon, is
a night owl.
PERSONIFICATION

It is the giving of life to

inanimate objects.
HYPERBOLE

It uses exaggeration to
make an emphasis.
EXAMPLE
• I am so hungry I could
eat a horse.
• This ice cream is out of
this world.
JUXTAPOSITION

Placing two things side by

side so as to highlight
their differences
EXAMPLE

• Night and day

• God and evil
• Justice and
revenge
ANALOGY
a comparison made to
show how two things are
similar for explanation or
clarification.
EXAMPLE

That book was a

rollercoaster of
emotion.
ANARCHRONISM

a person or a thing
placed in the wrong
time period
EXAMPLE

Having your eighteenth-

century French
courtesan put on
lipstick.
OXYMORON

A combination of
contradictory or
incongruous words
EXAMPLE
• Almost exactly
• Awfully good
• Freezer burn
• Living dead
• Loyal opposition
SYNECDOCHE

It uses a part to represent

and whole or vice versa.
SYNECDOCHE
• The ship was lost with all
hands. (sailors)
• His parents bought him a
new set of wheels. (new
car)
Thank