Paraphrasing 2

CLASS 15
ENGLISH LANGUAGE
DEPARTMENT

1
 Draft 4
Feb. 25
Feb. 24

Reading Reading Presen-

WT1 WT2 Midterm Report Final
Quiz 1 Quiz 2 tation
10% 15% 30% 15% 15%
5% 5% 5%

Assessment Timeline
 Aims

(1)to review techniques for paraphrasing

(2)to practice five strategies for paraphrasing
numbers

3
 Three Techniques for Paraphrasing

vocabulary
essential
Recap Change the…
grammatical
structure

Not essential
word class (but useful)
  The family name is spelled correctly.
 Do not use Dr.
 The punctuation is correct.

citing
 The spacing is accurate.
 The citation is inside the sentence.
 The author and year are together (do

Check list
not put the year at the end of the
sentence).
Recap  The paraphrase is ONE sentence.
 The meaning is the same.

paraphrasing
 Almost no source wording.
 Your own idea is not mixed into the
paraphrase.
 The paraphrase is a similar length to
the original text.
 Statistics/numbers are paraphrased
“The research indicates that around 31% of adolescents eat
excessive amounts of low quality food.” John Smith, Janet
Jenkins, Margaret Atwood (2023)
Recap
(method 1)
In one study, Smith et al. (2023) note that researchers found
that close to a third of teens consume large amounts of non-
nutritious food.
(method 2)
In one study, researchers found that the amount of teens
consuming large amounts of non-nutritious food is almost one
third (Smith et al., 2023).
“Saudi Arabia could achieve a reduction in oil consumption of
approximately a 1/3 by investing in the development of solar
power.” Tom Rogers, 2022
Recap
Example paraphrase and citation (method 1)
According to Rogers (2022), with more focus on developing
solar energy, it is possible for Saudi Arabia to reduce their
reliance on oil by just over thirty percent.
Example paraphrase and citation (method 2)
With more focus on developing solar energy, it is possible for
Saudi Arabia to reduce their reliance on oil by just over thirty
percent (Rogers, 2022).
 Paraphrasing Numbers
Do I have to paraphrase all numbers?
When writing academically, you do not have to
paraphrase all numbers, but in ENGL 102, our aim is to
help you become skilled at paraphrasing, so you are
asked to paraphrase as much of the original source as
you can – this includes numbers.

NOTE: You are NOT expected to

paraphrase years or ages (but you can if
you can find a suitable way to do this).
 1. No, it only 2. Also, do not
Is this converts the words use fractions.
into a number. This is
enough? NOT paraphrasing.
Use the words,
e.g., one quarter

Paraphrase:
Original: One quarter of the A survey found that 1/4
people surveyed agreed that of the respondents felt
summer vacation should be the vacation over the
shorter. summer should be
shortened.
 Is this ok?
Original: One quarter of the
people surveyed agreed that
summer vacation should be
shorter.
OK
Paraphrase:
A survey found that 25%
of the respondents felt
the vacation over the
summer should be
shortened.
 500,000  half a million

One in five  20%

66%  two thirds

90%  nine out of ten

Language for Paraphrasing Numbers
approximately Discuss: How are the
following words
almost different?
exceeding
NOTE: These words are
over/under
NOT academic
just over/under roughly
close to round about
significantly over just about
significantly under like
maybe
around
When paraphrasing numbers 4,500,000 New
ask yourself: Zealanders own
How can I make this more cars.
meaningful to the reader? Over 88% of
New Zealanders
own cars.
Let’s look at
different
ways to Ask yourself: How can I paraphrase
paraphrase numbers to emphasize my
numbers.
argument?
 Five Ways to Paraphrase Numbers
(1) Convert numbers into approximations
(2) Use mathematics to convert the number
(3) Flip over a percentage to describe the opposite side
(4) Focus on the relationship between the numbers
(5) Convert from one currency/measure to another
1 Convert numbers into approximations

Example Paraphrase
Original
 Close to one
The study
third ...
showed that 32
 Almost one in
percent of
three
people…..
people...
 … especially if
they are large
numbers
Original Example Paraphrase
Documents show  … over 900
that 920,000
citizens from China
thousand…
traveled overseas  …exceeded
last year. 900 thousand.
 You try …

Original Paraphrase
The incidence rate  ... close to one
of tuberculosis fifth …
has declined by  … by almost
19%. 20%.
 The
Is this ok? One-
difference
sixth, just
is too
over 15%;
much

Original
The incidence rate Paraphrase
of tuberculosis ... close to one fifth
has declined by … by almost 20%.
16%.
 Is this ok?

OK
Original Paraphrase
950,000 people In its initial week of
watched the screening, almost
movie during the one million people
first week. watched the film.
2 Use mathematics to convert the number

Example
Original
Paraphrase
Around 3% of the
Approximately
Saudi people lost
one million Saudi
income due…towhich is
people ….
Covid.
more powerful?
 You try …

Original
At least half the Paraphrase
world’s population  Globally, almost
still does not have
full coverage of four billion
essential health people …
services.
3 Flip over the number to describe the opposite

Example
Original Paraphrase
… 35 % of people
… 65% of the
citizens want
would prefer the
the president to president to
resign. remain in office.
 You try …
Paraphrase
Original
Safely managed In 2020,
drinking-water approximately
services were thirty percent of
available to only 71% the world did not
of the global have access to clean
population in 2020.
water.
4 Focus on the relationship between the numbers
Example
Original
Last year, 50 people
attended Professor
Chan’s presentation.
This year, the number
was closer to 110.
Paraphrase
The number of
people attending
Professor Chan’s
presentation more
than doubled from
the previous year.
4 Focus on the relationship between the numbers

Example
Original Paraphrase
Last year, 50 people The number of people
attended Professor attending Professor
Chan’s presentation. Chan’s talk rose by
This year, the number over ………..percent.
100
?
was closer to 110.
 You try …

Original Paraphrase
The price of oil in The price of oil has
2020 was 35.68 US
tripled over the
dollars. Now it is
107.04 dollars. What percent past three years.
200%
increase
would this be?
5 Convert the measure/currency

Example Paraphrase
Original The distance
The train station is between the train
situated two miles station and the
from the shopping shopping mall is
center. just over three
kilometers.
 You try …

Paraphrase
Original
The price of oil in  In 2020, oil cost
2020 was 41.96 approximately
US dollars. 160 SAR.
 A few rules
for numbers

For numbers under 10, use the word not the

number (APA style). recap

Do not start a sentence with a number. (Convert

it to a word.)
 Next Class…
 Reading Skills 2
 Paraphrase the
sentences in
the next slides.

30
 Extra Practice
(1) By 2030, India is committed to achieving universal
health care for all, which aims to provide insurance to
the poorest 47 percent of the population.
(2) The incidence rate of tuberculosis has declined by
19% over the 16-year period from 2000 to 2016.
(3) At least half the world’s population still do not have
full coverage of essential health services.
(4) An estimated 97 million people were
impoverished by unexpected medical costs in 2020.
(5) Safely managed drinking-water services were
available to only 71% of the global population in
2022.
(6) The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region
has the lowest HIV prevalence in the world (less than
0.1%), with 240,000 people recorded to be living
with HIV in 2020.
(7) The massive decrease in the price of oil may slow,
or even halt the transition to green energies.

(8) The primary reason for climate change is the

combustion of coal, oil, and natural gas.

(9) Because of the population increase in India, the

requirement for coal will increase by around a 1/4
within the next decade.
 Aims

(1)to review techniques for paraphrasing

(2)to practice five strategies for paraphrasing
numbers

34