Clinical Microscopy

Physical Examination of Urine

 Urine color
 Normal color: Pale yellow – yellow
 Actual color is due to the pigment – Urochrome
Two additional pigment:
 Uroerythrin – pink pigment
 Urobilin – orange brown color

HOW DO YOU CHECK?

CARE SHOULD BE TAKEN TO EXAMINE THE SPECIMEN UNDER A
GOOD LIGHT SOURE, LOOKING DOWN THROUGH THE CONTAINER
AGAINST A WHITE BACKGROUND.
Urine Clarity
Chemical Examination of Urine
Parameter/Test Principle Time End result
Glucose Double sequential enzyme reaction 30s Brown/Purple
Bilirubin Diazo reaction 30s Pink/Violet
Ketones Sodium nitroprusside reaction 40s Purple
Specific Gravity Pka change of polyelectrolyte 45s Blue(1.000); Yellow
(1.030)

Protein Protein error of indicator 1min Green/Blue

Ph Double indicator system 1min Yellow(4-6); Blue (6-
9)
Blood Pseudoperoxidase activity of 1min Green/blue
hemoglobin

Urobilinogen Ehrlich’s aldehyde reaction 1min Dark pink

Nitrite Greiss reaction 1min Pink
Leukocyte esterase Leukocyte esterase reaction 2mins purple
Microscopic Examination of Urine
Fecal Analysis
COLLECTION AND
PROCESSING
STOOL – most commonly submitted
- placed in a tight-fitting lid with an
acceptable amount of stool ( 2-5 grams or about a
walnut).
- specimen container must be labeled :
(a) Patient’s name and ID Number
(b) Physician’s Name
(c) Date and Time of sample collection
Specimen Collection and Lab Diagnosis
cont.
FIXATIVES – substances that preserve the morphology of protozoa
and prevent further development of certain helminth eggs and larvae.
(eg. Formalin, Polyvinyl Alcohol, Sodium Acetate Formalin)
3 parts Fixative + 1 part Stool
PROCESSING
1. MACROSCOPIC
2. MICROSCOPIC – ocular micrometer may be inserted in
eyepiece
 Direct Wet Preparation
 Concentration Method ( eg. FEA Sedimentation, ZS Flotation)
 Permanent Stains
Specimen Collection and Lab Diagnosis
 STOOL
 Cellophane Tape Prep
 BLOOD
 Permanent stains, Knott Technique, Buffy Coat Slides
 TISSUE BIOPSIES
 SPUTUM
 URINE & GENITAL MATERIAL
 COLON MATERIAL
 CSF
 EYE SPECIMEN
 SKIN SNIPS