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Respiratory failure
PATOFISIOLOGI :
2 Kategori Utama
1. Gagal napas hipoksemik / tipe I :
PaO2 , PaCO2 normal atau
Ketidakimbangan ventilasi-perfusi, pirau intrapulmoner, gangguan
difusi
2. Gagal napas hipoksemik-hiperkapnik / tipe II (gagal ventilasi)
PaO2 , PaCO2
Ketidakimbangan ventilasi-perfusi dan hipoventilasi alveolar
Tipe II :
- tidak respons terhadap pe PaCO2 (lewahdosis obat,PPOK)
- tidak mampu mensinyal efektor ventilasi (penyakit saraf)
- gangguan pompa respirasi (rongga dada & otot napas)
Type 1 Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure
Using the five pathophysiological mechanism of hypoxemia, a comprehensive
list of condition that cause hypoxemia canbe genarated
Anatomical Impaired
R–L shunt
Hypoxemia diffusion
e.g. pulmonary arteriovenous e.g. diffuse parenchymal
malformation, pneuomia lung disease
Low partial
Alveolar
pressure
hypoventilation
of inspired oxygen
e.g. flying e.g. opiated oversoses
PENYEBAB GAGAL NAPAS TIPE I
DRIVE FAILURE
HIGH LOAD Cortex brainstem
Resistive elastic
treshold
TRANSMISSION &
ACTION FAILURE
Spinal cord
Peripheral nerve
RESPIRATORY MUSCLE Neuromuscular junction
PUMP FAILURE Respiratory muscles
Type 2 hypercapnic
respiratory failure
Beberapa Kelainan Penyebab Gagal Napas tipe-II
- kerusakan pengaturan sentral
- struktural : stroke, pendarahan intrakranial, infiltrasi tumor
- Keracunan obat : narkotika, benzodiazepine, barbiturat, alkohol
- Gangguan napas saat tidur : obstructive sleep apnea, central sleep apnea, pernapasan
cheynes-stokes
- Kelemahan neuromuscular
- Trauma spina servical, infiltrasi tumor
- Keracunan obat : obat-obat paralitik, aminoglikosida, racun organofosfat
- Infeksi : botulisme, tetanus, poliomyelitis
- Penyakit neuromuscular : sindrom guillan-miastenia gravis, sclerosis amiotropik
lateral, distrofi muskular
- Kelelahan otot respirasi
- Kelumpuhan saraf frenikus : bedah toraks, infiltrasi tumor mediastinum
- Gangguan metabolisme : malnutrisi, hipofosfatemia, hipokalemia, hipomgnesia,
hipokalsemia
- Deformitas dinding dada : kifoskoliosis, pectus excavatum, flail chest, indrom
hipoventilasi, kegemukan
- Distensi abdomen masif : asites, obesitas
- Obstruksi jalan napas : tumor endobronkial, paralysis pita suara, obstructive sleep
apnea
GAGAL NAPAS