INTRODUCTION

Human life has improved tremendously as a result of the growth in science and
technology. In this age of technology its influence is being reflected in all
productive endeavors. maximize the output in quality and quantity. However the
advancement in technology has created a new economic environment which
depends on information and is called as ‘Information Age’. Technology is used to
accomplish various tasks and its different forms are used on a daily basis. One
such form where technology plays an important role is ‘Education Technology’.
DEFINITION

Educational Technology is the field of study

that investigates the process of analyzing,
designing, developing, implementing, and
evaluating the instructional environment,
learning materials, learners, and the
learning process in order to improve
teaching and learning.
TECHNOLOGY

The advancement in the field of science and tech combined with earlier access to
information the expansion of communication has created an impact on the societal
structure. Industrialization, Urbanization, rapid technological changes, the erosion of old
social structure, emergence of new one in regard to the changes in developmental strategy
has affected the social structure of developed and undeveloped societies. The use of
technological gadgets in the teaching learning process has improved the quality of
instruction. The word technology is derived from the Greek word ‘Technic’ meaning Art
or Skill and ‘Logia’ meaning Science or Study. Thus Technology is the Science of study
of an art or skill. Tech is the set of instruments and skills which are used to satisfy the
needs of the community. Tech is the application of scientific knowledge to a practical
•Hierra A, (1973) - Technology is the set of instruments and skills
which are used to satisfy the needs of the community.

•Sachs I, (1973) - Technology is knowledge organized for production.

EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY

Educational Technology is a system of five M’s. It is a system in education

in which machines, materials, media men and methods are interrelated and
worked together for the fulfilment of specific educational objectives. The term
can be taken to mean two things – introducing technological innovations
in the field of education or technologizing education to optimise learning
endeavours. 'Technology Explosion' has yielded several new machines,
materials and media which have great potential for use in the educational
enterprise.
 Meaning of Educational Technology
The term educational technology has three broad connotations:
•Educational Technology 1 (ET 1)

➢ Refers to the application of physical science and engineering

technology to provide mechanical or electro-mechanical tools,
instrumentation or 'hardware' which can be used for instructional
purposes.

➢View given by James 0. Finn and others (1960) for the 'audio-visual
education' movement and by the electronic communication industry.

➢ Generally refers to the use of equipment for presenting instructional

material such as
 ● still and motion picture projectors (silent and sound)
● tape-recorders (including language laboratory)
● television
● teaching machines
● Computer-based teaching
•Educational Technology 2 (ET 2)
➢Refers to the application of scientific principles to instruction
➢Refers to the application of scientific principles to instructions
➢Includes psychological principles of learning
•Educational Technology 3 (ET 3)

➢ View of Davis and Hartley (1972)

➢ Incorporates both ET1 and ET2

➢ A system in which machines, materials, media, men and methods are

interrelated parts and are organised to work together for the fulfilment of
specific educational objectives.

➢ Educational technology, according to this view, implies planning,

implementing and evaluating a system in education according to
scientific principles so as to best achieve the educational objectives.
Definitions

• “Educational technology is an application of scientific knowledge about learning to

practical learning situation.” – J. Bloomer (1973)

• “Educational Technology is the development, application and evaluation of

systems, techniques and aids to improve the process of human learning’. – National Council
of Educational Technology, U.K. (1967)

• “Educational Technology can be conceived as a science of techniques and methods by

which educational goals could be realised’’. – Shiv
•K. Mitra (1968)
AIM

The ultimate goal of educational technology, also referred to as Ed

Tech, is to enable an improved learning environment, which in turn is
meant to boost student outcomes. It has also been proven to increase
student engagement and participation in class.
NATURE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF EDUCATIONAL
TECHNOLOGY

➢ Is the application of scientific principles to education

➢ Stresses on the development of methods and techniques for effective teaching –learning.

➢ Stresses the organisation of learning situations for the effective realisation of

the goals of education

➢ Emphasises the designing and measuring instruments for testing learning

outcomes
➢ Facilitates learning by controlling environment, media and methods
➢ Involves input, process and output aspects of education
➢ It is not confined to the use of electronic media in education
➢ An important medium of instruction
➢ It is not to be taken as a synonym to the visual aids in education.
SCOPE OF EDUCATION TECHNOLOGY
➢To analyse the process of teaching and learning
➢For spelling out the educational objectives

➢For the development of course content, curriculum, the development of teaching

learning material and national objectives of education
➢In training teachers
➢For the development, selection and use of appropriate audio-visual aids
➢The effective utilization of the hardware mass media

➢To study evaluation of the software prepared for education of a particular

population of the learner.

➢To innovate different kinds of applied researches for effective

communication
Approaches in Educational
Technology
Approaches in Education
Technology

Hardware Approach

Software

Approach System

Approach
 Hardware
Approach
Suresh Babu G
• The mechanization of teaching
process is termed as the Hardware
Approach.
• Based on physical science and applied
engineering field approach.
• The new mechanism of teaching-
learning with improved technology
as its basis.
Hardware
Approach
• A result of hardware technology =
the development of electro-
mechanical equipments for
instructional purpose.
• Eg. Microphones for making
teachers voice fully audible to the
learners.
• Radio, TV, tape recorder, projector,
closed circuit television (CCTV),
teaching machines, and computers are
used for teaching the students.
• Silverman (1968) called this type of
educational technology as ‘Relative
Technology’
Hardware Approach

• Suggesting innumerable new ways of doing

thinks to the class-room teachSeursreThe job and
the duties of the teacher are likely to have
multifaceted changes as they Re to deal with
many new gadgets for teaching and learning now
and in the future.
 Software Approach
• Software Approach is concern
with teaching objectives in behavioural terms,
principles of teaching, methods of teaching,
reinforcement of instructional system, feedback,
reviews and evaluation.
• In software approach, the basis of all
thinking and working is behavioral
science and psychology of learning.
• Software approach uses the
principles of psychology for the
purpose of behavior modification.
Software Approach
• A teacher with added knowledge of
software approach can use the
flash cards, tapes etc, for various
purposes.
• A teacher can plan better
teaching which results into better
learning.
• This view of educational technology is
closely associated with the modern
principles of programmed learning and is
characterized by task analysis, writing
precise objectives, selection of
appropriate learning strategies,
reinforcement of correct response and
constant education (Davis, 1971)
Software Approach
• Silverman (1968) termed Software approach in
educational technology as Constructive educational
technology
• Both software and hardware approaches are so
interlinked that they cannot be separated from each
other. One without the other is in complete. It is
software approach which makes the hardware
approach function well.
 HARDWARE & SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGIES
Hardware Technology
• It has its origin in physical sciences
and applied engineering.
• It is concerned with the production
and utilization of audio visual aid
material and sophisticated instruments
and mass media for helping teacher
and learners in their task.
Suresh Babu
Software Technology
G
• It has its origin in behavioural sciences
and their applied aspects concerning
psychology of learning
• It is concerned with the production and
utilization of software techniques and
materials in terms of learning material,
teaching- learning strategies and other
devices for smoothening the task of
teaching learning.
 System Approach
• System is a set of connected things or parts
forming a complex whole, in particular. Eg
digestive system.
• The system approach involved setting goals and
objectives, analyzing resources, devising a plan of
action and continuous evaluation/modification of
the program (Saettler 1990)
• It acts as a link between hardware and software
approach.
System Approach
• It is a modern approach in education
administration and organization
• Also Known as Management Technology
• It has brought to educational management a
scientific approach for solving educational
administrative problems.
• Education is regard as a system and system
approach is a systematic way of designing an
effective and economical educational system
System Approach

INPUT THE Su OUTPUT

Babu
SYSTEM G

Target Students Students whose

Human resources performance or ideas
Technical resources Teaching – Learning
Process have improved in
Financial resources specific areas
Information
System Approach
Suresh Babu G
Suresh Babu G
Suresh Babu G
LATEST APPROCHES
• Transformational Approach

• It also known as transformative learning, is a

learning theory relating to how people make
sense of their life experiences. It's an extension
of constructivism, a framework that states
every learner constructs their own meaning
based on the interaction of new knowledge
with previous knowledge.
Relationship based Education

• Relationship based Education is a philosophy

of education that puts relationships at the
centre. It is a tool for long-term culture change
and for addressing challenges. The key
messages are: Relationships that form in the
educational environment are the bedrock for
everything else that happens.
 Competency based Education
Competency-based learning or
Competency based Education (CBE) is an
outcome‐based approach to education to
ensure proficiency in learning by students
through demonstration of the knowledge,
skills, values and attitudes required for
dealing with real life situations at the age
and grade appropriate level.