RADIATION THERAPY

PROJECT
 INTRODUCTION

 Radiation therapy, also known as radiotherapy, is a medical treatment that uses high-energy radiation to kill cancer cells
in the body. It is a widely used treatment option for many types of cancer and is often used in combination with other
treatments such as surgery and chemotherapy. The use of radiation therapy in cancer treatment dates back to the late
19th century when scientists discovered that exposure to radiation could cause damage to cancer cells.

 Over the years, the technology used for radiation therapy has greatly improved, making it a much more effective and
precise treatment option. The development of computer technology has allowed for the creation of three-dimensional
images of tumours, which can be used to precisely target radiation therapy to the affected area. This allows for more
accurate delivery of the radiation and minimizes damage to healthy tissue surrounding the tumour.

 Radiation therapy can be delivered externally or internally, depending on the type and location of the cancer being
treated. External radiation therapy involves the use of a machine called a linear accelerator, which directs high-energy
radiation beams to the affected area from outside the body. Internal radiation therapy, also known as brachytherapy,
involves placing radioactive material inside the body, either temporarily or permanently, to deliver radiation directly to
the affected area.
 INTRODUCTION

 While radiation therapy is an effective treatment option, it can also have side effects. These side effects can vary depending
on the location of the cancer being treated and the amount of radiation delivered. Common side effects include fatigue, skin
irritation, and nausea. However, advances in radiation therapy technology and techniques have greatly reduced the
occurrence and severity of side effects.

 Radiation therapy is a vital tool in the fight against cancer. Its use in cancer treatment has a long and storied history, and
advances in technology have greatly improved its effectiveness and precision. Despite its potential side effects, radiation
therapy remains a valuable treatment option for many types of cancer.
 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

 This project aims to understand radiation therapy's applications, side effects, and how we use radiation in the
medical field and its future scope.
 However, in general, the primary objective of radiation therapy is to use high-energy radiation to kill or
shrink cancerous cells in the body. This treatment is often used as part of a comprehensive cancer treatment
plan and may be used alone or in combination with other treatments such as surgery and chemotherapy.
 A radiation therapy project may have specific goals related to improving the effectiveness of radiation
therapy, reducing its side effects, developing new radiation therapies, or improving the delivery of radiation
therapy to patients. Some possible specific objectives for a radiation therapy project could include:
 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

 Developing new types of radiation therapy that can more effectively target cancer cells while minimizing damage to
healthy tissue
 Improving radiation delivery techniques to better focus the radiation on the cancerous cells and reduce exposure to
healthy tissues
 Investigating the use of radiation therapy in combination with other treatments to improve outcomes for cancer patients
 Developing new technologies or tools to improve radiation therapy planning, monitoring, and delivery
 Studying the long-term effects of radiation therapy on cancer survivors to better understand potential late effects and
develop strategies to minimize them.

 Overall, the goal of a radiation therapy project is to advance our understanding of radiation therapy and to gain
knowledge about currently going on research to improve outcomes for cancer patients undergoing this treatment.
 RADIATION THERAPY

 X-rays, a form of invisible, high-energy radiation, was discovered by German physicist Wilhelm Roentgen. X-rays have
been used to both diagnose and treat diseases. X-rays can penetrate through many objects, forming images covered by
other objects. This is the principle on which x-ray imaging of the body for medical diagnostic purpose is based. It was
later discovered that x-rays can kill cancerous cells and shrink tumours because of the high energy emission. This method
of treatment is called radiation therapy.

 Radiation therapy uses x-rays, gamma rays and other sources of radiation to destroy cancer cells. Radiation kills cells by
breaking up molecules and causing reactions that damage living cells. Sometimes the cells are destroyed immediately;
sometimes certain components of cells, such as their deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), are damaged, thereby affecting the
ability of the cell to divide.

 The radiation treatment is usually given using sophisticated equipment which produces a beam of high energy x-rays. The
patient lies on a bed under the machine and the beam is directed at the site of the cancer. Due to the advancement of
technologies, newly developed machines are able to produce radiation beams of much greater energy while maintaining
pinpoint accuracy. Therefore, severe skin damage during treatment, which was common in the early days of radiation
therapy treatment, is very rare with modern techniques.
 RADIATION THERAPY

 Since emitted radiation energy does not distinguish between cancer cells and normal tissue, radiation fields are very
carefully planned, during the process of radiation treatment, to protect uninvolved tissue and vital organs of the patient.
Certain predictable side effects may occur after radiation treatment, with fatigue being the most common one. However,
most side effects are temporary and easily treated.

 Two main types of radiation treatment exist: external beam radiation, known as teletherapy, and internal therapy, or
Brachytherapy. External beam radiation directs radiation from a remote source aimed at the body while with internal
therapy a radioactive source is placed inside the body close to cancer cells or the tumour mass.

 The goal of radiation therapy can be curative or palliative. Radiation therapy is frequently used as adjuvant therapy to
other treatments, most often with surgery and chemotherapy.
 APPLICATIONS OF RADIATION
THERAPY

 Radiotherapy, also known as radiation therapy, is a medical treatment that uses high-energy radiation to kill
or shrink cancer cells in the body. Here are some of the main applications of radiotherapy:

 1. Cancer treatment: Radiotherapy is commonly used as a primary or adjuvant treatment for various types
of cancer, including breast cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer, and brain tumours, among others.
 2. Palliative care: In advanced stages of cancer, radiotherapy can be used to relieve pain and other
symptoms associated with cancer, such as bleeding, blockages, and breathing difficulties.
 3. Benign conditions: Radiotherapy can also be used to treat non-cancerous conditions, such as
hyperthyroidism, keloids, and some blood disorders.
 APPLICATIONS OF RADIATION
THERAPY

 4. Combination therapy: Radiotherapy can be used in combination with other cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy
and surgery, to increase the effectiveness of treatment.

 5. Preventive care: In some cases, radiotherapy can be used to prevent the recurrence of cancer or to reduce the risk of
cancer in high-risk individuals.

Overall, radiotherapy is a versatile treatment option for cancer and other conditions and can be used in a variety of ways to
improve patient outcomes. However, the use of radiotherapy should always be carefully considered by a healthcare
professional to ensure that the benefits outweigh any potential risks or side effects.
 CASE STUDIES OF RADIATION
THERAPY
 1. Prostate cancer: A 65-year-old man with localized prostate cancer was treated with external beam radiation therapy
(EBRT). The radiation was delivered in daily doses over the course of 8 weeks. The patient experienced minimal side
effects and had a complete response to the treatment. Breast cancer: A 50-year-old woman with early-stage breast cancer
underwent breast-conserving surgery followed by radiation therapy.

 2. Breast cancer: A 50-year-old woman with early-stage breast cancer underwent breast-conserving surgery followed by
radiation therapy. The radiation was delivered to the breast in daily doses over the course of 6 weeks. The patient
experienced some skin irritation and fatigue but had no other side effects. She had a good clinical outcome with no
recurrence of the cancer. Lung cancer: A 70-year-old man with locally advanced lung cancer underwent
chemoradiotherapy.

 3. Lung cancer: A 70-year-old man with locally advanced lung cancer underwent chemoradiotherapy. The chemotherapy
was given concurrently with radiation therapy, which was delivered in daily doses over the course of 6 weeks. The patient
experienced some side effects such as fatigue and loss of appetite but had a good response to the treatment with a
significant reduction in the size of the tumour.
 CASE STUDIES OF RADIATION
THERAPY

 4. Brain tumor: A 45-year-old woman with a small brain tumor underwent stereotactic radio surgery (SRS). The
SRS was delivered in a single session using a highly focused beam of radiation. The patient experienced some
headache and nausea but had a good clinical outcome with no recurrence of the tumour.

 5. Lymphoma: A 30-year-old man with Hodgkin's lymphoma underwent a combination of chemotherapy and
radiation therapy. The radiation was delivered to the affected lymph nodes in daily doses over the course of 4 weeks.
The patient experienced some side effects such as fatigue and hair loss but had a complete response to the treatment
with no evidence of the cancer on follow-up scans.
 SIDE EFFECTS OF RADIATION THERPAY

The side effects of radiation therapy can vary depending on the location and amount of radiation used, as well as the person's overall
health. In this article, we will discuss the side effects of radiation therapy in detail.

 1. Skin changes: Radiation therapy can cause changes to the skin, including redness, dryness, and itching. In some cases, the skin
may become more sensitive to sunlight and may develop a rash. The severity of skin changes can vary depending on the amount of
radiation used and the location of the treatment. In some cases, the skin may become dry and scaly, and in severe cases, it may
blister and peel.

 2. Fatigue: Fatigue is a common side effect of radiation therapy and can last for several weeks after treatment. The fatigue may be
mild or severe and can make it difficult to perform daily activities. The cause of fatigue is not fully understood, but it may be due to
the body's response to the radiation therapy and the need for energy to repair damaged tissue.

 3. Nausea and vomiting: Radiation therapy can cause nausea and vomiting, particularly when the abdomen or brain is being
treated. The severity of these side effects can vary depending on the amount of radiation used and the person's overall health. In
some cases, medication can be used to help control nausea and vomiting.

 4. Hair loss: Radiation therapy to the head can cause hair loss, although in some cases, hair may grow back after treatment. Hair
 SIDE EFFECTS OF RADIATION THERAPY

 5. Mouth and throat problems: Radiation therapy to the head and neck can cause mouth sores, dry mouth, and difficulty swallowing. These side
effects can make it difficult to eat and drink, which can lead to weight loss and dehydration. In some cases, medication and other treatments can be
used to help manage these side effects.

 6. Long-term effects: In some cases, radiation therapy can cause long-term side effects, such as scarring, fibrosis, and an increased risk of
secondary cancers. Scarring and fibrosis can cause stiffness and pain in the affected area, while an increased risk of secondary cancers can be a
concern for some people. The risk of long-term side effects depends on the amount of radiation used and the person's overall health.

 7. Cognitive changes: Radiation therapy to the brain can cause cognitive changes, such as memory loss, difficulty concentrating, and confusion.
These side effects can be temporary or permanent and can vary in severity depending on the amount of radiation used and the person's overall
health.

 8. Sexual and reproductive problems: Radiation therapy to the pelvic area can cause sexual and reproductive problems, such as erectile
dysfunction, infertility, and vaginal dryness. These side effects can be temporary or permanent and can have a significant impact on quality of life.

 9. Emotional effects: Radiation therapy can also have emotional effects, such as anxiety, depression, and fear. These side effects can be related to
the diagnosis of cancer, the stress of treatment, and the uncertainty of the future. In some cases, counselling and support can help manage these side
effects.
 MACHINES USED TO DO RADIATION
THERAPY
 Radiation therapy is a highly effective cancer treatment that uses high-energy radiation beams to destroy cancer cells in the body. There are several different
types of machines used to deliver radiation therapy, each with its own advantages and limitations. In this response, we will discuss the most commonly
used machines for radiation therapy and how they are used.

1. LINEAR ACCELERATOR (LINAC)

 The linear accelerator (LINAC) is the most commonly used machine for delivering radiation therapy. It uses high-energy X-rays or electrons to treat cancer
by delivering precise doses of radiation to the tumour while minimizing exposure to surrounding healthy tissues. The LINAC can produce different types of
radiation beams, including photons and electrons, which can be used alone or in combination depending on the type and location of the cancer. The LINAC
can also shape the radiation beam to conform to the shape of the tumour, which helps to minimize radiation exposure to healthy tissues surrounding the
tumour. During treatment, the patient lies on a treatment couch, and the LINAC delivers the radiation beam from different angles to target the cancer cells

2. CYBER KNIFE

 The Cyber Knife is a type of radiation therapy machine that uses a robotic arm to deliver high-energy radiation beams to the tumour. The Cyber Knife can
move in multiple directions and can adjust the intensity of the radiation beam in real-time to target the tumour more precisely. The Cyber Knife is often
used for treating tumours in sensitive areas of the body, such as the brain, spine, and lungs. The Cyber Knife uses image-guided technology to track the
tumour's position and adjust the radiation beam accordingly. This allows for more precise targeting of the tumour and reduces the risk of damaging
surrounding healthy tissues.
 MACHINES USED TO DO RADIATION
THERAPY
4. PROTON THERAPY

 Proton therapy is a type of radiation therapy that uses protons, which are positively charged particles, to treat cancer. Protons can be targeted
to deliver high doses of radiation to the tumour while minimizing exposure to surrounding healthy tissues. Proton therapy is often used to
treat cancers of the brain, spine, prostate, and eye, as well as paediatric cancers. Proton therapy machines use a synchrotron to accelerate the
protons to high speeds and then deliver them to the tumour. The proton beam can be shaped to conform to the shape of the tumour, allowing
for more precise targeting of the cancer cells.

5. BRACHYTHERAPY

 Brachytherapy is a type of radiation therapy that involves placing a radioactive source inside or next to the tumour. This allows for a high
dose of radiation to be delivered directly to the tumour while minimizing exposure to surrounding healthy tissues. Brachytherapy can be used
to treat cancers of the prostate, cervix, uterus, and breast, among others. Brachytherapy machines use radioactive sources, such as seeds or
wires, that are placed inside or next to the tumour. The radioactive source emits radiation that destroys the cancer cells.

6. TOMOTHERAPY

 Tomotherapy is a type of radiation therapy machine that combines a linear accelerator with a computed tomography (CT) scanner. This
allows for precise targeting of the tumour while minimizing exposure to surrounding healthy tissues. The CT scanner is used to create a 3D
 TYPES OF RADIATION USED IN
RADIOTHERAPY

Radiation therapy uses ionizing radiation, which can be delivered in different forms depending on the type and location of the
cancer being treated. The type of radiation used in radiation therapy is determined by its energy and the depth at which it can
penetrate tissues. In this article, we will discuss the different types of radiation used in radiation therapy and their equations.

1. X-RAYS:

 X-rays are a type of electromagnetic radiation that is used extensively in radiation therapy. X-rays are produced when high-
energy electrons are accelerated to a high speed and then directed onto a metal target. As the electrons collide with the target,
they produce a beam of X-rays that can be used to treat cancer. The energy of X-rays used in radiation therapy typically ranges
from a few hundred keV to several MV.

 The equation that describes the energy of an X-ray photon is:

 E = hf

 Where E is the energy of the photon, h is Planck's constant, and f is the frequency of the photon. The energy of X-ray photons
 TYPES OF RADIATION USED IN
RADIOTHERAPY
2. GAMMA RAYS:
 Gamma rays are also a type of electromagnetic radiation that is used in radiation therapy. Gamma rays are produced by the decay of radioactive isotopes, such as cobalt-
60 or cesium-137, which are used to generate the radiation beams used in radiation therapy. Gamma rays have higher energy than X-rays, and they can penetrate deeper
into tissues, making them useful for treating deep-seated tumours.
 The equation that describes the energy of a gamma ray photon is the same as that for an X-ray photon:
 E = hf
 Where E is the energy of the photon, h is Planck's constant, and f is the frequency of the photon. The energy of gamma ray photons is typically measured in units of
electron volts (eV) or megavolts (MV).

3. PROTONS:
 Protons are subatomic particles that have a positive charge and are found in the nucleus of atoms. Proton therapy is a type of radiation therapy that uses a beam of high-
energy protons to treat cancer. Proton therapy can deliver a high dose of radiation to the tumor while minimizing the dose to surrounding healthy tissues.
 The energy of a proton beam is typically measured in units of mega-electron volts (MeV). The energy of the proton beam can be calculated using the following
equation:
 E = KqV
 Where E is the energy of the proton beam, K is a constant, q is the charge of the proton, and V is the voltage applied to accelerate the proton.
 TYPES OF RADIATION USED IN
RADIOTHERAPY
4. CARBON IONS:

 Carbon ion therapy is a type of radiation therapy that uses a beam of high-energy carbon ions to treat cancer. Carbon ions have
higher energy than protons, and they can penetrate tissues more deeply, making them useful for treating deep-seated tumors.

 The energy of a carbon ion beam is typically measured in units of mega-electron volts per nucleon (MeV/n). The energy of the
carbon ion beam can be calculated using the following equation:

 E = A (KqV) / N

 Where E is the energy of the carbon ion beam, A is the atomic mass of the carbon ion, K is a constant, q is the charge of the
carbon ion, V is the voltage applied to accelerate the carbon ion, and N is the number of nucleons in the carbon ion.

 In conclusion, radiation therapy uses ionizing radiation in different forms to treat cancer. The type of radiation used is
determined by its energy and the depth at which it can penetrate tissues. The equations that describe the energy of X-ray, gamma
ray, proton, and carbon ion radiation can be used to calculate the energy of the radiation beams used in radiation therapy.
 PROCEDURE TO DECIDE AND GIVE
RADIATION THERAPY TO PATIENTS:-
The decision to proceed with radiation therapy for cancer treatment is a complex process that involves multiple steps and a team of doctors and specialists. The
following is a detailed description of the procedure for deciding on a radiation therapy procedure.

1. Diagnosis: The first step in the process is to diagnose the cancer and determine the stage of the disease. This may involve a physical exam, imaging tests (such as
CT scans, MRIs, or PET scans), and possibly a biopsy to confirm the diagnosis. The type and stage of the cancer will influence the treatment options available,
including the use of radiation therapy

2. Consultation with a radiation oncologist: If radiation therapy is considered a viable treatment option, the patient will be referred to a radiation oncologist for a
consultation. The radiation oncologist is a medical doctor who specializes in using radiation therapy to treat cancer. During the consultation, the radiation oncologist
will review the patient's medical history, diagnostic test results, and any previous treatments the patient may have received. They will also perform a physical exam
and may order additional tests, such as blood work or imaging studies.

3. Treatment planning: Once the radiation oncologist has determined that radiation therapy is appropriate for the patient, a treatment plan will be developed. This
involves determining the optimal dose and schedule of radiation therapy based on the patient's individual needs and the type and stage of the cancer. The radiation
oncologist will work closely with a team of medical physicists and dosimetrists to develop a customized treatment plan that maximizes the effectiveness of the
radiation while minimizing the risk of side effects.

4. Simulation: Before starting treatment, the patient will undergo a simulation procedure to help the radiation oncologist and treatment team plan the radiation
therapy. This typically involves lying on a treatment table in the same position that will be used during treatment while a CT scan or other imaging test is
performed. The simulation helps the team to precisely locate the tumour and surrounding healthy tissues, which is essential for accurate radiation delivery. The team
 PROCEDURE TO DECIDE AND GIVE
RADIATION THERAPY TO PATIENTS:-
5. Treatment delivery: After the simulation procedure, the radiation oncologist and treatment team will use the information gathered to
plan the radiation therapy. Treatment delivery can take several forms, including external beam radiation therapy (using a machine to
deliver radiation from outside the body), internal radiation therapy (placing a radioactive source inside the body), or a combination of
both. The type of radiation therapy used will depend on the type and location of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health and
treatment goals.

6. Follow-up care: After radiation therapy is completed, the patient will undergo regular follow-up appointments with their radiation
oncologist to monitor their progress and evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment. These appointments may include imaging tests and
physical exams to ensure that the cancer has been successfully treated and that there are no signs of recurrence. The radiation oncologist
will work closely with the patient's other healthcare providers to ensure that they receive the appropriate follow-up care and support.

Overall, the decision to proceed with radiation therapy for cancer treatment involves a team of doctors and specialists who carefully
evaluate the patient's individual needs and develop a customized treatment plan based on the type and stage of the cancer. The process
involves a combination of diagnostic tests, consultation with a radiation oncologist, treatment planning, simulation, treatment delivery,
and follow-up care to ensure that the radiation therapy is delivered safely and effectively. The ultimate goal is to provide the patient
with the best possible chance of successfully treating their cancer and achieving the best possible quality of life.
 FUTURE SCOPE AND RESEARCH GOING
ON RADIOTHERAPY:-
Radiation therapy is an important tool in the treatment of cancer, and there is ongoing research to improve its effectiveness and minimize its side effects. Here are some of the current areas of
research and future possibilities in radiation therapy.

ADVANCED RADIATION THERAPY TECHNIQUES:-

 There has been a significant improvement in radiation therapy techniques over the past few decades. One of the most important advances has been intensity-modulated radiation therapy
(IMRT), which uses computer algorithms to deliver high doses of radiation to the tumour while minimizing the dose to nearby healthy tissues. This technique has been shown to be
particularly effective in the treatment of head and neck cancers, prostate cancer, and other types of cancer. Another important technique is stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT), which
delivers high doses of radiation to the tumor in a few treatment sessions. This technique is particularly effective in the treatment of lung cancer, liver cancer, and other types of cancer.

 Researchers are currently investigating other advanced radiation therapy techniques, such as proton therapy, which uses high-energy protons instead of X-rays to deliver radiation to the
tumour. Proton therapy has the potential to deliver higher doses of radiation to the tumour while minimizing the dose to nearby healthy tissues. However, proton therapy is currently only
available at a limited number of centres and is more expensive than traditional radiation therapy.

IMMUNOTHERAPY AND RADIATION THERAPY:

 Immunotherapy is a new approach to cancer treatment that harnesses the power of the patient's immune system to fight cancer. There is growing evidence that combining immunotherapy with
radiation therapy may increase the effectiveness of both treatments. One of the ways that immunotherapy works is by activating the immune system to attack cancer cells. Radiation therapy
can also activate the immune system by causing inflammation in the tumour and releasing tumour antigens. This can help to create a "hot" tumour environment that is more susceptible to
immunotherapy.
 FUTURE SCOPE AND RESEARCH
GOING ON RADIOTHERAPY
 Researchers are currently investigating the optimal timing and dosing of immunotherapy and radiation therapy. They are also exploring ways to increase the effectiveness of
immunotherapy by combining it with other treatments, such as chemotherapy or targeted therapy.

RADIOSENSITIZERS:

 Radiosensitizers are drugs that make cancer cells more sensitive to radiation therapy. Researchers are currently investigating several different types of radiosensitizers,
including oxygen carriers that increase the amount of oxygen in the tumour (which makes the cancer cells more vulnerable to radiation) and drugs that interfere with DNA
repair mechanisms in cancer cells. These drugs have the potential to increase the effectiveness of radiation therapy and improve outcomes for cancer patients.

RADIOPROTECTORS:

 Radioprotectors are drugs that protect healthy tissues from the harmful effects of radiation therapy. Currently, there are very few effective radioprotectors available, but
researchers are working to develop new drugs that can protect normal tissues while allowing radiation to kill cancer cells. One promising approach is to use natural
compounds, such as curcumin (a compound found in turmeric) or resveratrol (a compound found in red wine), which have been shown to have radioprotective effects in
preclinical studies.

PERSONALIZED RADIATION THERAPY:

 As we learn more about the genetics of cancer, there is a growing interest in personalized radiation therapy. This involves using genetic testing to identify specific mutations
or other features of the cancer that may make it more or less sensitive to radiation therapy. This information can be used to develop a customized radiation therapy plan that
is tailored to the patient's individual needs. For example, patients with tumours that have mutations in DNA repair genes may be more sensitive to radiation therapy than
those without these mutations.
 FUTURE SCOPE AND RESEARCH
GOING ON RADIOTHERAPY
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE:

 Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to revolutionize radiation therapy by allowing for more precise and efficient
treatment planning. AI algorithms can analyze large amounts of patient data and create customized treatment plans that optimize
the radiation dose to the tumour while minimizing side effects. Researchers are also using AI to develop predictive models that
can identify which patients are most likely to benefit from radiation therapy.

NANO PARTICLES:

 Nanoparticles are tiny particles (typically less than 100 nanometres in size) that can be engineered to deliver drugs or other
substances directly to the tumour. Researchers are investigating the use of nanoparticles to deliver radiation sensitizers or
radioprotectors directly to the tumour, which could increase the effectiveness of radiation therapy while minimizing side effects.

 Overall, there is a great deal of exciting research being done in the field of radiation therapy. As our understanding of cancer
biology and treatment techniques continues to improve, we can expect to see even more advances in the coming years. These
advances will help to improve the outcomes for cancer patients and make radiation therapy an even more effective tool in the
fight against cancer.
GRAPH SHOWING TUMOUR TYPE AND
USE OF RADIATION THERAPY:-
GRAPHS OF (A) THE ESTIMATED
COST OF AN RADIATION THERAPY
(RT) COURSE PER NUMBER OF
FRACTIONS DELIVERED FOR HIGH-
INCOME COUNTRIES (HICS) AND
LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES (LICS)
CALCULATED BY THE VAN DYK ET
AL MODEL 21; AND (B) THE
ESTIMATED PERCENT REDUCTION
IN COST WITH CHANGES IN
NUMBER OF FRACTIONS FOR
BREAST AND PROSTATE RT FOR
HICS AND LICS CALCULATED BY
THE VAN DYK ET AL MODEL. 2 CF,
CONVENTIONAL FRACTIONATION.
DOSE RESPONSE CURVE FOR RADIOTHERAPY
SHOWING THE INCREASING PROBABILITY OF
NORMAL TISSUE DAMAGE ALONG WITH
INCREASED TUMOUR WITH AN INCREASE IN
RADIATION. THE DOTTED LINE SHOWS A
THEORETICAL DOSE TO MAXIMIZE TUMOUR
CYTOTOXICITY WITH MINIMUM DAMAGE TO
THE NORMAL TISSUES (BARNETT ET AL., 2009).
 CONCLUSION

 In conclusion, radiation therapy is a highly effective treatment for cancer that uses high-energy radiation to kill cancer cells. It is a complex and
precise process that involves the use of advanced technology and highly trained medical professionals.

 Radiation therapy can be delivered in different forms, including external beam radiation therapy, brachytherapy, and systemic radiation therapy.
The choice of radiation therapy modality depends on the type and location of the cancer being treated.

 Radiation therapy can cause side effects, such as fatigue, skin irritation, and nausea, but these side effects are typically manageable and temporary.

 Recent advances in radiation therapy technology, such as intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT),
and proton therapy, have made radiation therapy more precise and effective than ever before.

 Ongoing research in radiation therapy is focused on developing new techniques for delivering radiation, improving radiation therapy outcomes,
and reducing the risk of side effects. Some of the areas of active research in radiation therapy include the use of immunotherapy in combination
with radiation therapy, the development of personalized radiation therapy plans based on tumor genetics, and the use of artificial intelligence to
optimize radiation therapy planning.

 Overall, radiation therapy is an important tool in the fight against cancer and will continue to play a critical role in cancer treatment in the future.
With ongoing advances in technology and research, radiation therapy will become even more precise, effective, and safe, improving cancer
outcomes and quality of life for cancer patients.
THANK YOU