Power divider, combiner and

coupler
By
Professor Syed Idris Syed Hassan
Sch of Elect. & Electron Eng
Engineering Campus USM
Nibong Tebal 14300
SPS Penang
 Power divider and combiner/coupler
Basic
P2= nP1 P1
P1 P3=P1+P2
divider P =(1-n)P combiner
3 1
P2

Divide into 4 output

 S-parameter for power divider/coupler
 S11 S12 S13 
Generally
S   S 21 S 22 S 23 
 S31 S32 S33 
For reciprocal and lossless network
N N
 S ki S ki
*
1  ki kj  0
S S *
for i  j
k 1 k 1

S11  S12  S13  1 Row 1x row 2 *  S S*  S S*  0

S11 S 21 12 22 13 23

S 21  S 22  S 23  1 *  S S*  S S*  0
Row 2x row 3 S 21S 31 22 32 23 33

S 31  S 32  S 33  1 Row 1x row 3 *  S S*  S S*  0
S11 S 31 12 32 13 33
 Continue
If all ports are matched properly , then Sii= 0

For Reciprocal
For lossless network, must satisfy unitary
network
condition
2 2
 0 S12 S13  S12  S13  1 *
S13 S 23  0
S   S12 0 S 23 
S12
2
 S 23
2
1 S *23 S12  0
 S13 S 23 0 
S13
2
 S 23
2
1 * S 0
S12 13

Two of (S12, S13, S23) must be zero but it is not consistent. If S12=S13= 0, then
S23 should equal to 1 and the first equation will not equal to 1. This is invalid.
 Another alternative for reciprocal network
Only two ports are matched , then for reciprocal network

 0 S12 S13  For lossless network, must satisfy unitary

condition
S   S12 0 S 23 
2 2 *
 S13 S 23 S 33  S12  S13  1 S13 S 23  0
2 2 * S  S* S  0
S12
S12  S 23 1 13 23 33
2 2 2 * *
The two equations show S13  S 23  S33 1 S 23 S12  S 33 S13  0
that |S13|=|S23|
thus S13=S23=0
and |S12|=|S33|=1
These have satisfied all
Reciprocal lossless network of two matched

S 21 =e j 

 0 e j 0  1 S 12 =e j  2
 j 
S   e 0 0 
 0 0 e j  S 33 =e j 
 
3
 Nonreciprocal network (apply for
circulator) For lossless network, must satisfy unitary
condition
 0 S12 S13  2
S12  S13  1
2
S *31 S32  0
S   S 21 0 
S 23 
2 2
 S31 S32 0  S 21  S 23  1 *
S 21S 23  0
2 2
S31  S32  1 *
S 12 S13  0

The above equations must satisfy the following either

S12  S 23  S31  0 S 21  S32  S13  1

or S 21  S32  S13  0 S12  S 23  S31  1

Circulator (nonreciprocal network)

0 0 1  2

S   1 0 0 1

0 1 0 3

0 1 0 
2

S   0 0 1
1

1 0 0 3
 Four port network
 S11 S12 S13 S14 
S S 24 
21 S 22 S 23
Generally S   

S 31 S 32 S 33 S 34 
 
 S 41 S 42 S 43 S 44 
For reciprocal and lossless network N
N  ki kj  0
S S *
for i  j
 S ki S ki
*
1 k 1
k 1 *  S S*  S S*  S S*  0
R 1x R 2 S11S 21 12 22 13 23 14 24
S11  S12  S13  S14  1 *  S S*  S S*  S S*  0
R1x R3 S11 S 31 12 32 13 33 14 34
S 21  S 22  S 23  S 24  1 R1x R4 *  S S*  S S*  S S*  0
S11S 41 12 42 13 43 14 44
R 2x R3 *  S S*  S S*  S S*  0
S 21S 31
S 31  S 32  S 33  S 34  1 22 32 23 33 24 34
R2x R4 *  S S*  S S*  S S*  0
S 21S 41
S 41  S 42  S 43  S 44  1 22 42 23 43 24 44
* * * *
R3x R4 S 31S 41  S 32 S 42  S 33 S 43  S 34 S 44 0
 Matched Four port network
Say all ports are matched and symmetrical network, then
 0 S12 S13 S14 
S 0 S 23 S 24 
S    12
S13 S 23 0 S 34 
 
 S14 S 24 S 34 0 
The unitarity condition become
*  S S*  0
S13 S 23 14 24 *
S12  S13  S14  1 *  S S*  0
S12 S 23 **
14 34
*  S S*  0
S12 S 24 @
S12  S 23  S 24  1 13 34
*  S S*  0
S12 S13 24 34
@@
S13  S 23  S 34  1
*  S S*  0
S12 S14 23 34 #
S14  S 24  S 34  1
*  S S*  0
S13 S14 ##
23 24
 To check validity
Multiply eq. * by S24* and eq. ## by S13* , and substract to obtain

* 
 S14   0
2 2
S14  S13 %
 

Multiply eq. # by S34 and eq. @@ by S13 , and substract to obtain

S 23  S12  S 34   0
2 2
 
$

Both equations % and $ will be satisfy if S14 = S23 = 0 . This means

that no coupling between port 1 and 4 , and between port 2 and 3 as
happening in most directional couplers.
 Directional coupler
If all ports matched , symmetry and S14=S23=0 to be satisfied

 0 S12 S13 0 
S 0 0 S 24 
S    12
S13 0 0 S 34 
 
 0 S 24 S 34 0 
The equations reduce to 6 equations
*  S S*  0
S12 S 24 13 34
** S12  S13  1
*  S S*  0
S12 S13 24 34
* S12  S 24  1
By comparing these equations yield S13  S 24
** S13  S34  1

* S 24  S34  1 By comparing equations * and ** yield S12  S 34

 Continue
Simplified by choosing S12= S34= ; S13=e j  and S24=  e j 

Where  + =  + 2n

2 cases  0  j 0
 0 0 j 
1. Symmetry Coupler  = = /2 S   
j 0 0 
 
 0 j  0 
0   0 
 0 0   
2. Antisymmetry Coupler  =0 , = S   
 0 0  
Both satisfy 2 +2 =1  
0   0
 Physical interpretation
|S12 | 2 = power deliver to port 2= 2 =1- 2
1 2
Input Through

4 3
Isolated Coupled
|S13 | 2 = coupling factor = 2
Characterization of coupler
P1
Coupling= C= 10 log  20 log  dB
P3
P 
I = D + C dB
Directivity= D= 10 log 3  20 log dB
P4 S14
P1 For ideal case |
Isolation = I= 10 log  20 log S14 dB
P4 S14|=0
 Practical coupler
Hybrid 3 dB couplers
0 1 j 0 
 = = /2  j 
1 1 0 0
S   
2 j 0 0 1 
=  = 1 / 2  
 0 j 1 0

Magic -T and Rat-race couplers

 =0 , =
0 1 1 0
 0  1
1 1 0
=  = 1 / 2 S  
2 1 0 0 1
 
0 1 1 0
 T-junction power divider

H-plane T
E-plane T

Microstrip T
 T-model
Lossy line
1 1
Yin  jB  
Z1 Z1 Z 2
V o jB
Lossless line
Z2
Y in 1 1
Yin  
Z1 Z 2

If Zo = 50,then for equally

divided power, Z1 = Z2=100
 Example
• If source impedance equal to 50 ohm and the
power to be divided into 2:1 ratio. Determine Z 1
and Z2
1 Vo2 1
P1   Pin Z1  3Z o  150
2 Z1 3

1 Vo2 2 3Z o
P2   Pin Z2   75
2 Z2 3 2
2
1 Vo Z o  Z1 // Z 2  50
Pin 
2 Zo
 Resistive divider
2Zo / 3 2
Zo/3 P2 V V1  V
Zo/3 V2
Zo
Zo / 3  2Zo / 3 3
P1 Zo V Zo 3 1
V1 Zo/3 V2  V3  V  V V
Zo  Zo / 3 4 2
V3
Zo

Zo P3 1 V12
Z  Zo Pin 
3 2 Zo
Zo 2Zo 1 1 / 2V1 2
1
Zin    Zo P2  P3   Pin
3 3 2 Zo 4
 Wilkinson Power Divider
/4 /4
Zo
50 
70.7 
/2 Z
50  100 
o
2Z o
70.7  Zo
50 
/2 Z o

For even mode

Zo

2
Z For Zin =Zo=50
Z ine  T
2
ZT  2 50  70.7
Therefore

ZT  2 Z o And shunt resistor R =2 Zo = 100

 Analysis (even and odd mode)
1
+V 2
Z Port 2
2 4 r/2
V g2 For even mode Vg2 = Vg3 and
Port 1 for odd mode Vg2 = -Vg3. Since
2
the circuit is symmetrical , we
Z r/2 can treat separately two
1 Port 3 bisection circuit for even and
4 +V 3 odd modes as shown in the next
slide. By superposition of these
V g3 two modes , we can find S -
parameter of the circuit. The
For simplicity all values are excitation is effectively Vg2=4V
normalized to line characteristic and Vg3= 0V.
impedance , I.e Zo = 50 
 Even mode Looking at port 2
Zine= Z2/2
Vg2=Vg3= 2V Port 2 1 Therefore for matching
+V 2 e Z 2
Z
2 +V 1 e 4 r/2
2V Note:
Port 1
Z 2  Z in Z out
O.C O.C

If Z 2 then V2e= V since Zine=1 (the circuit acting like voltage divider)

To determine V2e , using transmission line equation V(x) = V+ (e-jx + e+jx) , thus

V2e  V ( )  jV  (1  )  V Reflection at port 1, refer to Z  2 is

4
2 2

 1 2 2
V1e  V (0)  jV  (1  )  jV
 1
Then V1e   jV 2
 Odd mode
Vg2= - Vg3= 2V Port 2 1 At port 2, V1o =0 (short) ,
+V 2 o /4 transformer will be
Z
+V 1 o looking as open circuit ,
2 4 r/2 thus Zino = r/2 . We choose
2V
Port 1 r =2 for matching. Hence
V2o= 1V (looking as a
voltage divider)
S-parameters
S11= 0 (matched Zin=1 at port 1)
S22 = S33 = 0 (matched at ports 2 and 3 both even and odd modes)
V1e  V1o
S12 = S21 =  j/ 2
e
V2  V2 o

S13 = S31 =  j / 2

S23 = S32 = 0 ( short or open at bisection , I.e no

coupling)
 Example
Design an equal-split Wilkinson power divider for a 50 W system
impedance at frequency fo

The quarterwave-transformer characteristic is

Z  2 Z o  70.7

R  2 Z o  100

o
The quarterwave-transformer length is 
4 r
 Wilkinson splitter/combiner
application
Power Amplifier matching
networks
/4 /4

70.7  70.7 

50  100  100  50 

70.7  70.7 

Splitter
combiner
 Unequal power Wilkinson
Divider
2
1 K 2
1 Z 02 Z 03  Z o
R 2 =Z o /K
K3
Zo R
Z 02  K 2 Z 03  Z o K (1  K 2 )
Z 03

 1
3 R  Zo  K  
R 3 =Z o /K  K

2 P3 Power at port  3
K  
P2 Power at port  2
 Parad and Moynihan power divider
Z o2 Z o4

Zo Z o1
Zo
2
1 Z o3 R
Z 05 Zo 3
1/ 4
 
K Zo
Z 01  Z o  2 Z 05 
1 K  Z 04  Z o K K
Z 02  Z o K 3/ 4
1  K  2 1/ 4
 1
R  Zo  K  
 K
Z 03  Z o

1 K  2 1/ 4
2
K 
P3 Power at port  3

K 5/ 4 P2 Power at port  2
 Cohn power divider
  2


 
1
  



3
VSWR at port 1 = 1.106
VSWR at port 2 and port 3 = 1.021
Isolation between port 2 and 3 = 27.3 dB
Center frequency fo = (f1 + f2)/2
Frequency range (f2/f1) =2
 Couplers
2 2
Branch line coupler Yse  1  Ysh
Yo Y se Yo E3 2Ysh
E2  2 2
E1 /4 E 2 1  Ysh  Yse
Y sh /4 Y sh x dB coupling
E3
 10 x 20 

Yo
E1
Yo
E3
E12  E 22  E32
2 2
E  E 
or 1  2    3 
E  E 
 1  1
 Couplers
3 dB Branch line coupler

E 2  E3 2
Yse 2
 1  Ysh 2 Z o  50

Ysh  1 Yse  1.414 Z sh  50

input Zo Zo / 2 Zo Z se  35.5
Output
/4 3dB
Zo /4 Zo

isolate Zo Zo / 2 Zo Output
3dB 90o out of phase
 Couplers
9 dB Branch line coupler
Let say we choose Ysh  0.8
E3
 109 20   0.355 2Ysh 2  0.8
E1   0.38
2
2 1  Ysh  Yse2 1  0.8 2
 Yse2
 E2 
1     0.3552
 E1  1.6
Yse   0.36  1.962
0.38
 E2 
   1  0.3552  0.935 Z 0  50
 E1 
 E3  0.355
    0.38
Z sh  50 / 0.8  62.5
 E2  0.935
Z se  50 / 1.962  25.5
Note: Practically upto 9dB coupling
 Hybrid-ring coupler
Couplers
1/2 Te
1 /4 2
4 isolated e
2 /8 2 /8
OC 2
Output in-phase
/4 OC
3 1/2 To
1 /4 2
/4 2
/4 o /8
2 /8
2
1
Input /4
•Can be used as splitter , 1 as input and 2 and 3
2
as two output. Port is match with 50 ohm.
Output in-phase •Can be used as combiner , 2 and 3 as input
and 1 as output.Port 4 is matched with 50 ohm.
 Analysis
The amplitude of scattered wave
1 1 1 1
B1  e  o B2  Te  To
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
B3  e  o B4  Te  To
2 2 2 2
 Couple lines analysis
w w w
s
b b s r
r

Planar Stacked

w s w
d r

Coupled microstrip
The coupled lines are usually assumed to operate in TEM mode.
The electrical characteristics can be determined from effective
capacitances between lines and velocity of propagation.
 Equivalent circuits
Even mode Odd mode
+V +V +V -V

H-wall E-wall
2C 12 2C 12

C 22 C 11 C 22
C 11

C11 and C22 are the capacitances between conductors and the ground
respectively. For symmetrical coupled line C11=C22 . C12 is the
capacitance between two strip of conductors in the absence of ground. In
even mode , there is no current flows between two strip conductors ,
thus C12 is effectively open-circuited.
Even mode Continue
The resulting capacitance Ce = C11 = C22

L LCe 1
Therefore, the line characteristic impedance Z oe   
Ce Ce  Ce
Odd mode

The resulting capacitance Co = C11 + 2 C12 = C22 + 2 C12

1
Therefore, the line characteristic impedance Z oo 
 Co
 Planar coupled stripline

Refer to Fig 7.29 in Pozar , Microwave Engineering

 Stacked coupled stripline
w >> s and w >> b
 r  oW  r  oW 4b r  oW
C11    F /m
b  s / 2 b  s / 2 2
b s 2
 
C12  r oW F / m
s
4b r  oW
Ce  C11  F /m
2 2
b s
 2b 1
Co  C11  2C12  2 r  o w   F / m
 b2  s2 s 
  1  r o o

1 b2  s2
Z oe   Zo
 Ce 4bw  r
1 1
Z oo 
 Co
 Zo
 
2 w  r 2b / b 2  s 2  1 / s  
 Coupled microstripline

Refer to Fig 7.30 in Pozar , Microwave Engineering

 Design of Coupled line Couplers
3 4
Coupling Isolated
(can be matched)
w
s
Layout
w
/4
output
input 1 2

wc
Zo I3  I4 Zo
3 4
+V 3 Z oe Z oo +V 4
I1 I2
Schematic circuit 1 2
2V Zo +V 1 +V 2 Zo
 Even and odd modes analysis
Even Zo I3e I4e Zo
I1 e = I 3 e + 3 4
Same
excitation V
_ +V 3 e Z oe +V 4 e
I4 e = I 2 e I1e I2e
voltage
+ 1 2
V1 = V 3
e e
Zo Zo
V
_ +V 1 e +V 2e
(99)
V4 = V 2
e e

Odd
Zo I3o I4o Zo
I1o = -I3o Reverse
_ 3 4
V +V 3 o +V 4 o excitation
Z oo I4o =- I2o voltage
+ I1o I2o
+ 1 2
V1o = -V3o
V Zo +V 1 o +V 2 o Zo (100)
_
V4o = -V2o
 Analysis
e o
V1 V1  V1
Z in   (101) By voltage division
I1 I1e  I1o
o
Z in
From transmission line equation , we have V1o  V (104)
o
Z in  Zo
e Z  jZ oe tan 
Z in  Z oe o (102) e
Z oe  jZ o tan  Z in
V1e  V
e Z
Z in (105)
o
o  Z Z o  jZ oo tan 
Z in oo (103) V
Z oo  jZ o tan  I1o 
where o Z (106)
Z in o

Zo = load for transmission line V

I1e  (107)
 = electrical length of the line e Z
Z in o
Zoe or Zoo = characteristic impedance of
the line
 continue
Substituting eqs. (104) - (107) into eq. (101) yeilds

Z in 
Z in
o e 
Z in  Z o  Z in
e o
Z in  Z o Zo 

o e
2 Z in Z in  Z o 2  (108)
e o e o
Z in  Z in  2 Z o Z in  Z in  2Z o

Let Z o  Z oo Z oe

Therefore eqs. (102) and (103) become

e Z oo  j Z oe tan  o Z oe  j Z oo tan 
Z in  Z oe (109) Z in  Z oo (110)
Z oe  j Z oo tan  Z oo  j Z oe tan 

For matching we may consider the second term of eq. (108) will be zero , I.e
o Ze Z 2  0
Z in or o Ze  Z Z  Z 2
Z in
in o in oo oe o and (108) reduces to Zin=Zo
 continue
Since Zin = Zo , then by voltage division V1 = V. The voltage at port 3, by
substitute (99), (100) , (104) and (105) is then

 Ze o
Z in 
e o e o
V3  V3  V3  V1  V1  V  in   (111)
e o
 Z in  Z o Z in  Z o 

Substitute (109) and (110) into (111)

e
o Z in Z o  jZ oe tan 
Z in Z o  jZ oo tan  
 e 2 Z o  j Z oe  Z oo  tan 
 Z o 2 Z o  j Z oe  Z oo  tan 
o Z in  Zo
Z in

Then (111) reduces to j Z oe  Z oo  tan 

V3  V (112)
2 Z o  j Z oe  Z oo  tan 
 continue
Z  Z oo
We define coupling as C  oe
Z oe  Z oo

and 2Z o
1 C 2 
Z oe  Z oo

Then V3 / V , from ( 112) will become

Z  Z oo  tan 
j oe
V3  V
Z oe  Z oo 
V
jC tan 
2Z o Z  Z oo  tan 
 j oe 1  C 2  j tan 
Z oe  Z oo  Z oe  Z oo 
Similarly
V4  V4e  V4o  V2e  V2o  0

1 C 2
V1=V
V2  V2e  V2o  V
1  C 2 cos  j sin 
 Practical couple line coupler
V3 is maximum when  = /2 , 3/2, ...

Thus for quarterwave length coupler  = /2 , the eqs V2 and V3 reduce to

V1=V

1 C 2 1 C 2
V2  V V   jV 1  C 2 1 C
1  C 2 cos  / 2  j sin  / 2
j Z oe  Z o
1 C
jC tan  / 2 jC () jC
V3  V V V  VC
1  C 2  j tan  / 2 1  C 2  j 1 C 2
1 C
j Z oo  Z o
 1 C
V4  0
 Example
Design a 20 dB single-section coupled line coupler in stripline with a 0.158
cm ground plane spacing , dielectric constant of 2. 56, a characteristic
impedance of 50  , and a center frequency of 3 GHz.

Coupling factor is C = 10-20/20 = 0.1

Characteristic impedance of
Then multiplied by r
even and odd mode are
 r Z oe  88.4
1  0.1
Z oe  50  55.28  r Z oo  72.4
1  0.1
From fig 7.29 , we have
1  0 .1 w/b=0.72 , s/b =0.34. These
Z oo  50  45.23 give us
1  0 .1
w=0.72b=0.114cm
s= 0.34b = 0.054cm
 Multisection Coupled line coupler (broadband)
Coupled Isolated
V3     V4
 

C1 C2 C3 .... C N-2 C N-1 CN

V1
V2
input Through
For single section , whence C<<1 , then
V3 jC tan  jC tan 
   jC sin  e  j V4=0
V1 1  j tan 
1  C 2  j tan 

V2 1 C 2
  e  j
V1 and For =/ 2 then V3/V1= C
1  C 2 cos  j sin  and V2/V1 = -j
 Analysis
Result for cascading the couplers to form a multi section coupler is

   
V3  jC1 sin  e  j V1  jC 2 sin  e  j V1e 2 j 
 1
...  jC sin  e  j V e 2 j ( N 1)
N

For symmetry C1=CN , C2= CN-1 , etc

   
V3  jV1 sin  e  j C1 1  e  2 j ( N 1)  C 2 e  2 j  e  2 j ( N  2) 
...  C e  j ( N 1) 
M

 2 jV1 sin  e  jN C1 cosN  1  C 2 cosN  3 (200)

1
...  C M 
2 V3
At center frequency C o 
Where M= (N+1)/2 V1   / 2
 Example
Design a three-section 20 dB coupler with binomial response (maximally
flat), a system impedance 50  , and a center frequency of 3 GHz .
Solution

For maximally flat response for three section (N=3) coupler, we require

dn
C ( ) 0 for n  1,2 (201)
d n   / 2

From eq (200) and M= (N+1)/2 =( 3+1)/2=2 , we have

V3  1 
C  2 sin  C1 cos 2  C 2 
V1  2 
 C1 sin 3  sin    C 2 sin   C1 sin 3  (C 2  C1 ) sin 
(202)
 Continue
Apply (201)

dC
 3C1 cos 3  (C 2  C1 ) cos  0
d  / 2

d 2C
  9C1 sin 3  (C 2  C1 ) sin    10C1  C 2  0 ©
d 2  / 2

Midband Co= 20 dB at  =/2. Thus C= 10-20/20=0.1

From (202), we C= C2 - 2C1= 0.1 ©©

Solving © and © © gives us C1= C3 = 0.0125 (symmetry) and C2 = 0.125

 continue
Using even and odd mode analysis, we have

1 C 1  0.0125
Z oe1  Z oe3  Z o  50  50.63
1 C 1  0.0125

1  0.0125
Z oo1  Z oo3  Z o  49.38
1  0.0125

1 C 1  0.125
Z oe2  Z o  50  56.69
1 C 1  0.125

1  0.125
Z oo 2  Z o  44.1
1  0.125
 continue
Let say , r = 10 and d =0.7878mm
Plot points on graph Fig. 7.30

Z oe1  Z oe3  50.63 Z oo1  Z oo3  49.38

We have , w/d = 1.0 and s/d = 2.5 , thus

w = d = 0.7878mm and s = 2.5d = 1.9695mm For section 1 and 3

Similarly we plot points Z oe 2  56.69 Z oo 2  44.1

We have , w/d = 0.95 and s/d = 1.1 , thus

w = 0.95d = 0.748mm and s =1.1d = 0.8666mm For section 2

 Couplers
1
2
Lange Coupler 4 3

1 2
Evolution of Lange
3
coupler 4

1 3
1= input
2
2=output 4
4
3=coupling 1
w
s
4=isolated s w
s w
s w
w
3 2
 Analysis
Simplified circuit Equivalent circuit
Cm
90 o 1 2
1
2 C ex C ex
4 3
Z e4 Z o4

1 2
Cm Cm

C
Cm
C
C

4 3 1 2 3 4
Z e4 Z o4
C ex C in C in C ex

Cex C m
where Cin  Cex 
Cex  C m
 Continue/ 4 wire coupler
Even mode
All Cm capacitance will be at same potential, thus the total capacitance is

Ce 4  Cex  Cin (300)

Odd mode
All Cm capacitance will be considered, thus the total capacitance is

Co 4  Cex  Cin  6C m (301)

Even and Odd mode characteristic impedance

1 1
Z e4  Z o4  (302)   velocity in transmission line
 Ce 4  Co 4
 continue
Now consider isolated pairs. It’s equivalent circuit is same as two wire line ,
thus it’s even and odd mode capacitance is

Ce  Cex
Cex C m
Cin  Cex 
Cex  C m
Co  Cex  2C m

Substitute these into (300) and (301) , And in terms of impedance refer
we have to (302)
Ce 3Ce  Co  Z oo  Z oe
Ce 4  Z e4  Z oe
Ce  Co 3Z oo  Z oe

C 3Co  Ce  Z o4 
Z oo  Z oe
Z oo
Co 4  o 3Z oe  Z oo
Ce  Co
 continue
Characteristic impedance of the line is

Z oe Z oo Z oo  Z oe 2
Z o  Z e4 Z o4 
3Z oo  Z oe 3Z oe  Z oo 
Coupling
Z e4  Z o4 3 Z oe 
2 Z2
oo 
C 

Z e4  Z o4 3 Z 2  Z 2  2Z Z
oe oo 
oe oo

The desired characteristic impedance in terms of coupling is

4C  3  9  8C 2
Z oe  Zo
2C 1  C  / 1  C 

4C  3  9  8C 2
Z oo  Zo
2C 1  C  / 1  C 
VHF/UHF Hybrid power splitter
50 
output
50 
input 1
5 T2
6 3
T1 100 
7 2
C
4
8

50 
output
 Guanella power divider
(VHF/UHF)
I2

Rg I1
V2
V1 RL

Vg I1 V2

I2