READING AND WRITING

SKILLS
REVIEW FOR MONTHLY EXAMINATION
 TYPES OF ASSERTION
• Formulating Evaluative Statements
There are four common types of assertions according to the degree of
certainty. These include fact, convention, opinion and preference.
1. Fact- this is a statement that can be proven objectively by direct
experience, testimonies of witnesses, verified observations, or the
results of research.
Example: Cigarettes contain harmful chemicals that cause cancer.
(The statement is a fact because it can be directly verified by research).
2. Convention- it is a way in which something is done, similar to
traditions and norms.
Example: The sampaguita belongs to the genus Jasminum of the family
Oleaceae. (The statement above is a sample of convention because it
was based on a classification system made up by scientist and is
acceptable to the scientific community. )
 TYPES OF ASSERTION
3. Opinion- is based on facts, but are difficult to objectively
verify because of the uncertainty of producing satisfactory
proofs of soundness.
Example: The iPhone is better than any other android phones.
(The statement is an opinion because it is based on an
observation that needs to be proven by studies and repeated
observation.)
4. Preference- It is based on personal choice; therefore, they
are subjective and cannot be objectively proven or logically
attacked.
Example: Mangoes are the sweetest and most delicious fruit
among other. (This is a sample of preference since it says a lot
about the fruit that the writer likes, instead of objectively
comparing the qualities of mangoes to that of other flowers.)
 COUTERCLAIMS
Counterclaims are claims made to rebut a previous claim. They
provide a contrasting perspective to the main argument.
The following questions will help you formulate a counterclaim:
• What are the major points on which you and the author can
disagree?
• What is their strongest argument? What did they say to
defend their position?
• What are the merits of their view?
• What are the weaknesses or shortcomings in their argument?
Are there any hidden assumptions?
• Which lines from the text best support the counterclaim you
have formulated?
 CRITIQUE
• CRITQUE A French word which means a critical
assessment.
• It has various structures, but the simplest form is a
summary followed by an evaluation and it may
include the writer’s opinion.
• It is associated with negative criticism but also
involves the merit of recognition and enhances
understanding.
 LITERATURE REVIEW
• A Literature Review or “A Review of
the Literature” is a survey of existing
scholarly writings or published
knowledge on a particular topic. It is
not an analysis of a single work of
literature (e.g. analysis of Moby Dick)
but rather a survey, summary, critical
analysis, comparison, and synthesis of
multiple scholarly works addressing a
specific subject area
 TYPES OF LITERATURE
REVIEW
• Narrative or Traditional
Summarizes and analyzes a body of literature
on a particular subject. This type of lit review
is useful for providing background and
overview and for illuminating areas for further
research. The least methodologically rigorous
type of lit review makes this type appropriate
for academic courses and can be helpful in
focusing a topic and in further refining a
research question.
 TYPES OF LITERATURE
REVIEW
• Systematic
Employs strict methodology and selection
criteria to address a clearly defined research
question. Systematic reviews include as many
relevant published and unpublished studies as
possible using careful evaluation for quality,
rigorous methods to limit bias, and strict
controls to avoid selective inclusion or
exclusion. Multiple reviewers are common and
methods are carefully detailed for replicability
 TYPES OF LITERATURE
REVIEW
• Meta-analysis
A type of quantitative systematic literature review
which involves statistical analysis of multiple research
studies to reveal patterns, relationships, and to
integrate findings from many studies on the same
subject.
• Meta-synthesis
A type of non-statistical review which analyzes and
synthesizes qualitative research studies to locate
common elements, themes, and core similarities to
build theory and develop new conceptualizations.
 FORMAT IN MAKING A LITERATURE
REVIEW
• Proposed Study Title:
• Objective/s:

• Related Literature Title: Local/Foreign

• A. Author: C. Year of Publication:
• B. Place of Publication: d. Type of Literature:

• Related Literature:
(one paragraph)
• Relationship to the Proposed Study:
( One paragraph)

• Reference: APA Format

 PROPOSAL
• A proposal is a request for financial assistance to implement a
project

• Funding is sought, in whole or in part, from government

funding agencies, charitable foundations, businesses,
individuals, and other sources
• Proposal writing is a skill and requires considerable
knowledge in many disciplines.

• If you do not have proposal writing skills,

your organization will not obtain the funding
required to carryout its projects

• These materials will help you identify issues

relevant to your proposal
 FORMAT IN MAKING A PROJECT
PROPOSAL
I. Identifying Information
TITLE:
NAME:
PLACE:
IMPLEMETATION PERIOD:
II. Background/ Rationale
III. Objectives
IV. Implementation Plan
V. Summary and Findings
VI. Issues and Concern
VII. Recommendations
VIII. Attachments
IX. Documentations
 RESEARCH REPORT
A report or systematic write up on the findings
of a research study including an
abstract/executive summary/summary,
introduction (Background with literature
review, justification, objectives etc.)
methodology/materials and methods
(including statistical design, if any), results
and discussion, conclusions and
recommendations, references etc. following a
definite style or format may be called a
Research Report.
COMPONENTS OF RESEARCH
Scientific research articles provide a method for
scientists to communicate with other scientists about
the results of their research. A standard format is used
for these articles, in which the author presents the
research in an orderly, logical manner.
Beginning Material:
i.e. title page, abstract, key word list, table of contents,
list of figures and tables, Acknowledgements
Chapter 1: Introduction – statement of the problem,
hypotheses, why it is important, objectives of the work,
scope of the work
Chapter 2: Background and Literature Review –
discuss related work and indicate how it relates to
report
COMPONENTS OF RESEARCH
Chapter 3: Procedure – describe the procedure
used in project, data used, and how it was obtained
Chapter 4: Results – indicate what happened and
interpret what it means
Chapter 5: Conclusions and Recommendations
– summarize conclusions and what they mean (i.e.,
answer the question, “So what?”). What changes and
further work do you recommend?
 COMPOSING RÉ SUMÉ
• Résumé originated from the French word résumé
which means, “summary”.
• It is a concise document that highlights your
education, work experiences, and other
qualifications such as your skills and strengths.
• A résumé is usually an enclosure to an application
or cover letter so it is recommended that you
prepare the résumé first since the information that
you include there will be the basis of your letter.