ELLIPTIC FUNCTION, PICARD

THEOREM and PHARGMEN

LINDELOF THEOREM

NOOR UL AIN
86/MS MATH/S23
PERIODIC FUNCTION
Definition
A function is said to be periodic if their exist a non zero constant k such that,

The constant is called period of .

Example:
 DOUBLE PERIODIC
FUNCTION
Definition:

A function is said to be doubly periodic if their exist two non zero

elements and such that,
MEROMORPHIC FUNCTION
Definition:
A function whose analytic everywhere in finite plane
excepted at finite number of pole is called meromorphic
function
For example
ELLIPTIC FUNCTION
Definition:
A function is said to be elliptic if,
• is doubly periodic
• is monomorphic
LITTLE PICARD’S THEOREM

Statement
If a function is entire and non-constant, then the image of omits at
most one complex value.
PROOF

Let be an entire function that is non-constant. We want to show that the

image of omits at most one complex value.
Assume, for the sake of contradiction, that omits two distinct complex
values, say and . That means and for all in the complex plane.
Consider the entire function . Since is entire and non-constant, is never zero,
and therefore is well-defined and entire.
CONTI…

Now, omits the value 0, and by Liouville's Theorem, an entire function

that omits any complex value must be constant. Therefore, is constant.
This implies that is constant, which further implies that is constant.
However, this contradicts our assumption that is non-constant.
Therefore, our assumption that omits two distinct complex values must
be false.
Hence, Picard's Little Theorem is proved: If a function is entire and non-
constant, then the image of omits at most one complex value.
GREAT PICARD’S THEOREM
Statement
If an entire function takes all possible values, with at most a single
exception, then is a constant function.
PROOF

Consider the function ​. Since is entire and for all , is also entire.
The function is bounded because takes all values except , and therefore is
nonzero for all .
According to Liouville's Theorem, if an entire function is bounded, it must
be constant.
Since is entire and bounded, by Liouville's Theorem, is a constant function.
CONTI…

Now, consider ​=constant. This implies that is also a constant, which means
is constant.
Therefore, if is an entire function that takes all complex values, except
possibly one value, then must be a constant function.
 PHARGMEN LINDELOF
THEOREM
Statement
Let G be a simply connected region and let be an analytic function
on G. Suppose there is an analytic function on which never
vanishes and is bounded on . If M is a constant and such that
a. For every a in A,
b. For every b in B, then for all in .
PROOF

Let for all in . Also because is simply connected there is an analytic branch
of in . Hence is an analytic branch of for and . Define by then is analytic
on and since for all in . But then by condition (a) and (b) on
Thus for all in G, thus given

for all in and for all Letting gives that for all in .
THANK YOU