NERVOUS

THE
& SENSORY
SYSTEM

BANAGUDOS | DOLAR | VICENTE | SAMSON

 THE NERVOUS
SYSTEM

The nervous system is a network that

coordinates and controls bodily
functions through the transmission of
signals between the brain, spinal cord,
and peripheral nerves.
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

Central Nervous System (CNS)

The main control center for processing
information and coordinating responses.
Consists of the brain and the spinal cord.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Facilitates the communication between the
CNS and the rest of the body to regulate
sensory and motor functions.
THE CENTRAL
NERVOUS
SYSTEM
Is the primary control center of the body,
comprising the brain and spinal cord,
responsible for processing information,
coordinating responses, and regulating various
physiological functions. It integrates sensory
input, initiates motor responses, and plays a
central role in higher cognitive functions and
overall bodily homeostasis.
 THE CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM

THE BRAIN

Is the central and primary organ of the

central nervous system. It plays a crucial role
in processing information, controlling bodily
functions, and coordinating complex
behaviors, emotions, and cognitive processes
essential for overall functioning and survival.

Image from:
https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/anatomy-of-the-brain
 THE CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM

THE SPINAL CORD

A system that serves as a channel for nerve

signals between the brain and the rest of the
body. It plays a key role in reflex actions,
motor control, and transmitting sensory
information. It facilitates the communication
and coordination of various physiological
functions.
Image from:
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326984
THE PERIPHERAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM

Is a network of nerves and ganglia outside the

central nervous system, connecting the brain
and spinal cord to the rest of the body. It is
responsible for transmitting sensory
information from the external environment to
the central nervous system and conveying
motor commands from the central nervous
system to muscles and glands.
 THE SOMATIC
NERVOUS SYSTEM

It consists of sensory neurons that transmit

signals from sensory organs (such as the skin
and muscles) to the CNS, and motor
neurons that convey signals from the CNS
to skeletal muscles, allowing for conscious
and purposeful movement. These allow it to
control the voluntary muscle movements.
 THE AUTONOMIC SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS
SYSTEM
NERVOUS SYSTEM “Fight or flight response”

It regulates the involuntary physiological

processes, including heart rate, digestion, PARASYMPATHETIC
NERVOUS SYSTEM
respiratory rate, and glandular activity, “Rest and digest mode”
through its two main branches: the
sympathetic nervous system, the
parasympathetic nervous system, and the
ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
enteric nervous system. “Gut-brain control of digestion”
 NEURONS

Neurons are specialized cells in the

nervous system that transmit
information through electrical signals.
They consist of a cell body, dendrites for
signal reception, and an axon for signal
transmission, communicating with other
neurons through synapses.

Image from:
https://www.simplypsychology.org/neuron.html
TYPES OF NEURONS
Motor Neurons
Transmit signals from the central nervous
system to muscles and glands.
Interneurons
Facilitate the communication between
different neurons within the central nervous
system.
Sensory Neurons
Convey information from receptors to the
central nervous system.

Image from:
https://biologydictionary.net/sensory-neuron/
 NEUROTRANSMITTERS

Neurotransmitters are chemical substances that transmit signals

between nerve cells, allowing communication within the nervous
system. They play a pivotal role in regulating diverse physiological
functions, influencing mood, cognition, and muscle activity.

Examples:
Serotonin, dopamine, acetylcholine
 THE SENSORY
SYSTEM
Perceives and interprets environmental stimuli
and conveys information to the nervous system.

Composed of Sensory receptors, which are

specialized cells detecting specific stimuli. from
the external or internal environment, converting
various forms of energy (such as light, pressure,
or chemicals) into electrical signals that can be
interpreted by the nervous system.

Image from:
https://theracareaz.com/the-forgotten-senses-what-are-they-and-how-deficits-impact-fu
nction-in-children/
Image from:
https://jackwestin.com/resources/mcat-content/sensory-processing/sensory-receptors
 THE VISUAL
SYSTEM

Processes visual information by capturing

light through photoreceptor cells in the
retina, converting it into electrical signals,
and transmitting these signals through the
optic nerve to the brain. In the brain, the
visual system interprets and integrates this
information, allowing us to perceive and
recognize the surrounding environment, Image from:
https://teachmeanatomy.info/head/cranial-nerves/opt
ic-cnii/

including shapes, colors, and motion.

 THE VISUAL
SYSTEM

Processes visual information by capturing

light through photoreceptor cells in the
retina, converting it into electrical signals,
and transmitting these signals through the
Phototransduction via
optic nerve to the brain. In the brain, the photoreceptor cells
convert light stimuli into
visual system interprets and integrates this electrical signals
information, allowing us to perceive and Image from:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pi

recognize the surrounding environment, i/B9780081012703000023

Image from:
including shapes, colors, and motion. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pi
i/B9780081012703000023
 THE AUDITORY
SYSTEM

Processes sound by capturing vibrations

through the ear's cochlea, converting them
into electrical signals that travel through
the auditory nerve to the brain. In the
brain, the auditory system interprets and
integrates these signals, enabling us to
perceive and recognize various sounds and
auditory cues in our environment.
Image from:
https://earwaxremoval.uk/blog/2018/12/everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-auditory-system
 THE OLFACTORY
SYSTEM

Detects odorant molecules binding to

specialized receptors in the olfactory
epithelium. These signals are transmitted
through axons to the olfactory bulb and
then to higher brain regions, leading to the
perception, identification, and often
emotional and memory-related responses
to specific odors.
Image from:
https://www.nycoproducts.com/resources/blog/the-simple-science-of-smell-the-smell-of-clean/
 THE GUSTATORY
SYSTEM

Responsible for taste perception, involves

taste buds located on the tongue and other
oral surfaces that detect various chemical
stimuli. These taste signals are transmitted
through nerves to the brain, contributing to
the perception of different tastes such as
sweet, salty, sour, and bitter.

Image from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554522/figure/article-36422.image.f1/
 THE
SOMATOSENSORY
SYSTEM

Processes sensory information from the skin,

muscles, and joints, allowing the perception of
touch, temperature, pain, and the awareness of
body position and movement.

It is composed of two pathways:

• Dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway

• Spinothalamic pathway.
 PROPRIOCEPTION

Proprioception is the sensory ability to

perceive the position, movement, and
orientation of one's body parts in space
without relying on visual cues. This sense is
provided by proprioceptors, specialized
sensory receptors located in muscles,
tendons, and joints, which send signals to the
brain to create a continuous awareness of the
body's spatial configuration and movement.
Image from:
https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/75762
 PAIN PERCEPTION
Pain perception involves the detection and
processing of noxious stimuli by nociceptors,
with signals transmitted through the nervous
system to the brain, where they are interpreted,
resulting in the conscious experience of pain and
triggering emotional and behavioral responses.
This complex process serves as a crucial warning
mechanism, alerting individuals to potential or
actual tissue damage and promoting protective
behaviors.
Image from:
https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/75762
 NERVOUS

THE
& SENSORY
SYSTEM

BANAGUDOS | DOLAR | VICENTE | SAMSON