BIOLOGICAL

MACROMOLECULE
S
 CARBOHYDR
Biological macromolecules
ATES
are large molecules,
necessary for life, that are PROTE
IN
built from smaller
organic
LIPIDS
molecules.
NUCLEIC
ACID
MONOMERS are single small
molecules
and consideredare
POLYMERS as basic
large structural
molecules unit.
made
up of repeating monomers.
 COMPOSITION:
Biological molecules made of
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
in the
This composition gives
ratio of C:H:O is 1:2:1.
carbohydrates their name:
they are made up of carbon(carbo-)
plus water (hydrate).

FUNCTION
Primary source of
energy of
the human body.
Examples:
Classification of carbohydrates
1. Simple sugar
a. Monosaccharides
b. Disaccharides
2. Complex sugar
a. Polysaccharides
 Simple sugar

Monosaccharides (one saccharide)

a. Glucose – used in dextrose, blood
sugar
b. Galactose – found in milk and
milk products
c. Fructose –found in fruits and
honey
 Simple sugar

Disaccharides (two saccharide)

a. Maltose – Glucose + Glucose
Ex. malt
b. Sucrose – Glucose + Fructose
Ex. regular table sugar, and sugar
cane
c. Lactose – Glucose + Galactose
Ex. milk and milk products
 Complex sugar

Polysaccharides (many saccharide)

a. Starch (food)
b. Cellulose (structural support for
cell)
c. Glycogen (storage of energy)
COMPOSITION:
omposed of four elements namely,
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and
nitrogen.

FUNCTION
Sources of energy, enzymes, transport
molecule, storage molecule and
antibody.
Examples/Types and functions
a. Keratin
b. Fibroin/silk protein
c. Collagen
d. Myoglobin
e. Hemoglobin
f. Enzymes
Keratin - Is a structural protein
found in hair, skin and nails.
Fibroin/silk protein - Fibroin is found
in milk. Silk has a smooth and soft
texture.
Collagen - Is a major insoluble
fibrous protein found in connective
tissues such as tendons, ligaments,
skin, cartilage and cornea of the
eye.
Myoglobin - Is a polypeptide that
stores oxygen in muscles.
Hemoglobin - Is a globular protein
that carries oxygen from the lungs
to the bloodstream.
Enzymes - Function to catalyze
chemical reactions.
 COMPOSITION:
Composed of four elements
namely,
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and
phosphorous.

FUNCTION
sources of energy, maintaining body
heat, aid in digestion , and material for
cell membrane.
Examples/Classification of Lipids
a. Triglycerides
b. Waxes
c. Phospholipids
d. Steroids
 Triglycerides

Fat and Oil are under triglycerides

because they are composed of
glycerol and three fatty acids.
Fat – usually from animal sources
such as meat, milk, butter,
margarine, eggs and cheese.
(saturated fatty acids)
Oil – usually from plant sources like
olive oil, corn oil, sunflower oil, and
soybean oil. (unsaturated fatty
acids).
 Waxes

It is a combination of alcohol and

saturated fatty acid. It is found in
plants and animals. It serves as a
coating in leaves and fruits in
plants.
Animals have it in feather and skin
for protection.
Examples: beeswax, carnauba wax
(palm trees) and spermaceti wax
(whale fat).
 Phospholipids

IIt contains glycerol, two fatty acids

and a phosphate group.
Phospholipids have a polar and non
polar end.
This property allows it to transport
molecules in the bloodstream. It is
also major component in the cell
membrane.
 Steroids

Cholesterol is one of the most

common steroids. Other common
steroids are estradiol, a form of
estrogen and testosterone.
Testosterone – is produced by male
testis and it is responsible for the
development of male sex organ and
masculine characteristics.
Estradiol – is responsible for
development of female sex organs,
menstrual cycle and other feminine
qualities.
COMPOSITION:
Composed of four elements namely,
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
and phosphorous.

FUNCTION
Protein synthesis and storage, transfer
and expression of genetic
information/code of life.
Types:
a. DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid)
b. RNA(ribonucleic acid)
 DNA (Deoxyribonucleic
acid)
Is a nucleic acid that carries the
genetic code of organisms.
It is fondly termed as the blueprint
of life.
 RNA (Ribonucleic
acid)
It carries the information from the
DNA to the cellular factories for the
synthesis of proteins.
Nucleotide has three parts:
Nitrogenous based
Five carbon carbohydrates or sugar
Phosphate group

The nitrogenous bases of DNA and RNA are:

DNA’s : Adenine(A), Guanine(G), Cytosine(C) and Thymine(T)
RNA’s : Adenine(A), Guanine(G), Cytosine(C) and Uracil(T)
DNA vs
RNA