9-10

BIOMOLECULES
MARITES BOADO MARTIN

10 Science Teacher
 FOURTH QUARTER

10 MOST ESSENTIAL
LEARNING COMPETENCY
Recognize the major categories such
as carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic
acid and lipids.
(SL10MT-IVcd-22)
 SPECIFICALLY, IT WILL

● Describe biomolecules and identify the different

elements present in it

● Describe carbohydrates and its classification

- are chemical compounds found in living organism.

- These includes chemicals that are composed mainly

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus.
 CARBOHYDRATES
Building block/monomer: monosaccharides
Elements: C-H-O
Classifications:
1. Monosaccharides
2. Disaccharides
3. Polysaccharides
 MONOSACCHARIDES
Simple sugars C6H12O6

Glucose Fructose Galactose- found in

-blood sugar -fruit sugar milk with glucose
 DISACCHARIDES
Double sugars C12H22O11

Maltose or malt Lactose or milk Sucrose or table

sugar sugar sugar
 POLYSACCHARIDES
●Complex sugars C12H2O11

● Examples

1.Starch
2.Glycogen
3.Cellulose
4.Chitin
 STARCH
●Used for energy storage in plants
●They provide a quick energy for the
 GLYCOGEN
● Used for energy storage in animals
● When the body doesn’t need glucose foe energy, it stores it in
the liver and muscles in the form of glycogen
 CELLULOSE
●Found in plants, in cell walls and bark of trees
●Gives us fiber
 CHITIN
● Forms the exoskeleton of certain insects and crustaceans
 PROTEINS
●Body-building molecules which help us grow
●Transport molecules in and out of the cell
●Control the speed of chemical reactions
●Used for growth and repair.
General formul
 MONOSACCHARIDES
Simple sugars C6H12O6

Glucose Fructose Galactose- found in

-blood sugar -fruit sugar milk with glucose
What are organic
compounds?
Organic compounds are molecules that
contain carbon atoms covalently
bonded to hydrogen atoms and other
elements commonly oxygen, nitrogen,
sulfur, phosphorous and the halogens.
 ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY
Organic chemistry is the branch of
chemistry that studies the
structure, properties,
composition, reactions and
preparations of carbon-
containing compound.
THE CARBON ATOM
THE CARBON ATOM
● Represented by capital C
● A non-metal
● Has an atomic number of 6;
therefore has 6 protons and
electrons
● Found in group IVA
● Has 4 valence electrons
 THE CARBON ATOM
● Carbon-based
Each carbon molecule hashave
molecules fourthree
unpaired electrons
fundamental
in its outer energy shell.
structures—straight chains, branched chains, and
● rings.
Therefore, carbon atoms can form covalent bonds
with up to four other atoms, including other
carbon atoms.
 Allotropy
Existence of a chemical element in two or
more forms, which may differ in the
arrangement of atoms in crystalline solids
or in the occurrence of molecules that
contain different numbers of atoms.
Allotropes of Carbon
a) diamond;
b) graphite;
c) lonsdaleite;
d-f) buckballs (C60, C540,
C70);
g) amorphous carbon;
h) carbon nanotube.
 CHEMISTRY
WHY IS THE CARBON ATOM
UNIQUE?
1. It has 4 valence electrons that enable it to form 4
covalent bonds.
2. It can bond with other carbon atoms and other non-
mental atoms in many ways.
3. It can form single, double and triple bonds
4. It can form long carbon-carbon chains; one atom in
the chain can result to another molecule
5. It does not only bind to each other in a straight chain
but can result also to rings and other geometrical
arrangements.
 ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY
There are four main types or classes of organic
compounds found in all living things:
 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
CARBOHYDRATES
 Carbohydrates are organic
compounds made of the
elements carbon, hydrogen,
and oxygen.
 The ratio of hydrogen atoms to
oxygen atoms in carbohydrate
molecules is 2:1.
 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
CARBOHYDRATES
 Carbohydrates are the largest
class of organic compounds
found in organisms.
 Organisms use carbohydrates
as energy sources, structural
units, and for other purposes.
 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
CARBOHYDRATES
 Carbohydrates are classified
according to how many
subunits they contain
 Simple carbohydrates are
called sugars.
Monosaccharide – one unit
Disaccharide – two units
Polysaccharide – long chain
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

CARBOHYDRATES
The functions of carbohydrates
are:
 acts as main source of energy
 plants and animals use it for
structural purposes.
 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
LIPIDS
 Lipids are made of carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen atoms
 Lipids have higher hydrogen to
oxygen ratio than is found in
carbohydrates.
 The three major groups of
lipids are triglycerides (fats,
oils, waxes), steroids, and
phospholipids.
 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
LIPIDS
 In most human health situations,
the consumption of unsaturated
fats is preferred to the
consumption of saturated fats.
 Saturated fats are solid at room
temperature and bad for you, while
unsaturated fats are liquid at room
temperature and are better for you.
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

LIPIDS
The functions of lipids are:
 store energy for long term
 Waterproof covering
 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
PROTEINS
 Proteins consist of hydrogen,
oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen
atoms.
 Some proteins contain other
atoms, such as sulfur,
phosphorus, iron, copper, or
magnesium.
 Proteins consist of chains of
amino acids called peptides.
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

PROTEINS
The functions of proteins are:
 cellular structures
 controls substances in and out
of cell
 fight diseases
 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
NUCLEIC ACID
 Nucleic acids are the molecules
in our cells that direct and store
information for reproduction and
cellular growth.
 There are two types of nucleic
acids:
1. Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
2. Deoxyribonucleic Acid
(DNA)
 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
NUCLEIC ACID
 Both nucleic acids are
unbranched organic polymers
composed of monomer units
called nucleotides.
 These nucleotides are composed
of a sugar molecule, a nitrogen
base, and phosphoric acid.
 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
BIOMOLECULES
 CARBOHYDRATES - provides an energy source for
animals; includes sugar and starch, among others.
 LIPIDS - insoluble compounds in water; includes fats, oils
and waxes (used for long term energy storage).
 PROTEINS - composed of amino acids and includes
enzymes (speed up chemical reactions), antibodies,
hormones and muscle fibers
 NUCLEIC ACID - compound that can carry genetic
information
“ THE END

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Thank You!