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    Chapter 2

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    Naeem Shaikh
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    Chapter 2

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    Naeem Shaikh

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    of 66

    Chapter 2

    Arrays ,Functions and graphics


    16 marks
    Creating and Manipulating Array
    • An array is a data structure that stores one or
    more similar type of values in a single value.
    • For example if you want to store 100 numbers
    then instead of defining 100 variables its easy
    to define an array of 100 length.
    Types of array
    • Numeric array
    An array with a numeric index. Values are
    stored and accessed in linear fashion
    • Associative array
    An array with strings as index. This stores
    element values in association with key values
    rather than in a strict linear index order.
    • Multidimensional array
    An array containing one or more arrays and
    values are accessed using multiple indices
    Numeric Array
    These arrays can store numbers, strings and any
    object but their index will be represented by
    numbers. By default array index starts from zero.
    <html>
    <body>
    Value is 1
    <?php
    Value is 2
    /* First method to create array. */ Value is 3
    $numbers = array( 1, 2, 3, 4, 5); Value is 4
    foreach( $numbers as $value ) { Value is 5
    Value is one
    echo "Value is $value <br />"; Value is two
    } Value is three
    /* Second method to create array. */ Value is four
    Value is five
    $numbers[0] = "one";
    $numbers[1] = "two";
    $numbers[2] = "three";
    $numbers[3] = "four";
    $numbers[4] = "five";
    foreach( $numbers as $value ) {
    echo "Value is $value <br />";
    }
    ?>
    </body></html>
    <html>
    <body>
    <?php
    $numbers=array(0=> "one“,1= "two“,2=> "three“
    3=>"four“);
    echo "Value is $numbers[1] <br />";
    ?>
    </body></html>
    2.Associative Arrays
    • The associative arrays are very similar to
    numeric arrays in term of functionality but
    they are different in terms of their index.
    Associative array will have their index as string
    so that you can establish a strong association
    between key and values.
    <html>
    <body>
    <pre> array(3)
    { ["brand"]=>
    <?php
    string(4) "Ford"
    $car = array("brand"=>"Ford",
    "model"=>"Mustang", "year"=>1964);
    ["model"]=>
    var_dump($car); string(7)
    ?> "Mustang"
    ["year"]=>
    </pre> int(1964) }
    </body>
    </html>
    Access Associative Arrays
    • To access an array item you can refer to the key
    name.
    <?php
    $car = array("brand"=>"Ford", "model"=>"Mustang",
    "year"=>1964);
    echo $car["model"];
    ?>
    Change Value
    • To change the value of an array item, use the key
    name:
    • <?php
    • $car = array("brand"=>"Ford",
    "model"=>"Mustang", "year"=>1964);
    • $car["year"] = 2024;
    • var_dump($car);
    • ?>
    Loop Through an Associative Array
    • To loop through and print all the values of an associative
    array, you could use a foreach loop, like this:
    • Example
    <?php
    $car = array("brand"=>"Ford", "model"=>"Mustang",
    "year"=>1964);
    foreach ($car as $x => $y) {
    echo "$x: $y <br>";
    }?>

    o/p
    brand: Ford
    model: Mustang
    year: 1964
    <?php
    $car = array(1=>"Ford", 5=>"Mustang", 10=>1964);
    $car["year"] = 2024;
    echo $car[5];
    ?>
    Multidimensional Arrays
    • These array contains nested arrays.
    • Array elements are accessed using multiple indices
    • Multidimensional array allow user to group related
    data together
    Syntax
    array(
    array(elements…), array(elements…),
    array(elements…))
    <?php
    $student =array(
    array(“name”=>”abc”,”rollno”=>”3”,”mobile”=>”8976
    766323”),
    array(“name”=>”xyz”,”rollno”=>”2”,”mobile”=>”5678
    976323”),
    array(“name”=>”abc”,”rollno”=>”4”,”mobile”=>”7663
    238765”)
    );
    echo “name of rollno 2 is”.$student[1][“name”];
    echo “mobile no of rollno 4 is”.$student[2]
    [“mobile”];
    ?>
    <?php
    $mobile = array (
    array(“samsung",22,18),
    array(“Redmi",15,13),
    array(“apple",5,2),
    array(“oppo",17,15)
    );

    echo $ mobile[0][0].": In stock: ".$ mobile[0][1].", sold: ".$ mobile[0][2].".<br>";


    echo $ mobile[1][0].": In stock: ".$ mobile[1][1].", sold: ".$ mobile[1][2].".<br>";
    echo $ mobile[2][0].": In stock: ".$ mobile[2][1].", sold: ".$ mobile[2][2].".<br>";
    echo $ mobile[3][0].": In stock: ".$ mobile[3][1].", sold: ".$ mobile[3][2].".<br>";
    ?>
    <?php
    $mobile = array (
    array(“samsung",22,18),
    array(“Redmi",15,13),
    array(“apple",5,2),
    array(“oppo",17,15)
    );
    for($i=0;$i<4;$i++)
    {echo “<ul>”
    ;
    for($j=0;$j<4;$j++)
    {
    echo “<li>”.$mobile[$i][$j].”</li>”;

    }
    echo “</ul>”;
    }
    ?>
    Extracting Data From Arrays
    • extract()
    • The extract() function does array to variable conversion. That
    is it converts array keys into variable names and array values
    into variable value.
    • list()
    • It is used to assign array values to multiple variables at a
    time.
    This function will only work on numerical arrays. When the
    array is assigned to multiple values, then the first element in
    the array is assigned to the first variable, second to the second
    variable, and so on, till the number of variables. The number of
    variables cannot exceed the length of the numerical array.
    Extract () function
    • <?php
    • // input array
    • $state =array(“AS”=>"ASSAM", "OR"=>"ORRISA",
    "KR"=>"KERELA");
    • extract($state);
    • // after using extract() function
    • echo"\$AS is $AS\n\$KR is $KR\n\$OR is $OR"; ?>

    • Output: $AS is ASSAM $KR is KERELA $OR is ORRISA


    list() function
    • $array = array(1, 2, 3, 4);
    •
    • // Assign array values to variables
    • list($a, $b, $c) = $array;
    •
    • // print all assigned values
    • echo "a =", ($a), "\n";
    • echo " b =", ($b), "\n";
    • echo " c =", ($c), "\n";
    •
    • // Perform multiplication of
    • // those assigned numbers
    • echo "a*b*c =", ($a*$b*$c);
    • ?>
    Compact() function
    • It is opposite to extract function.
    • It returns array with all variables added to it.
    • Each parameter can be either a string containing
    name of variable or an array of variable names.
    • Compact function created associative array
    whose key value are the ariable name and
    values are variable values.
    • <?php
    • $studname = “abc";
    • $mobile = “986325687";
    • $age = "41";
    • $result = compact(“studname", “mobile", "age");
    • print_r($result);
    • ?>

    Output
    Array ( [studname] =>abc [mobile] => 986325687[age] => 41 )
    Understanding implode() and explode() in PHP

    • What are implode() and explode()?


    • implode()
    – Converts an array into a string
    – Joins array elements with a string
    • explode()
    – Breaks a string into an array
    – Splits a string based on a specified delimiter
    implode() Function
    • Syntax:
    • string implode ( string $seperator , array $pieces )

    • $separator : The string to be used between the


    array elements.It is optional attribute.By default it
    is an empty string.
    • $pieces: The input array to be joined into a string.
    • Example:
    • $array = array('lastname', 'email', 'phone');
    $comma_separated = implode(", ", $array);
    • // Result: "lastname, email, phone"
    explode() Function

    • Syntax:
    • array explode ( string $delimiter , string $string [, int
    $limit = PHP_INT_MAX ] )

    • $delimiter: The boundary string.


    • $string: The input string to be split into array.
    • $limit (optional): Maximum number of elements to
    return.(positive,negative,zero)
    • Greater than 0 - Returns an array with a maximum
    of limit element(s)
    • Less than 0 - Returns an array except for the last -
    limit elements()
    • Example:
    • $string = "Hello, World, PHP";
    • array = explode(", ", $string);
    • // Result: ['Hello', 'World', 'PHP']

    • Example:

    • <?php
    • $str = 'one,two,three,four';
    • // zero limit
    • print_r(explode(',',$str,0));
    • print "<br>";
    • // positive limit
    • print_r(explode(',',$str,2));
    • print "<br>";
    • // negative limit
    • print_r(explode(',',$str,-1));
    • Array
    ?>
    ( [0] => one,two,three,four )
    Array ( [0] => one [1] => two,three,four )
    Array ( [0] => one [1] => two [2] => three )
    array_flip()
    • A PHP function for exchanging keys with their
    associated values in an array.
    • Creates a new array where keys become values,
    and values become keys.
    • array_flip ( array $array )
    • $array: The input array to be flipped.
    • Example:
    • $input = array("apple" => "red", "orange" => "orange",
    "banana" => "yellow");
    • $output = array_flip($input);

    • The keys become values, and values become keys.


    • If duplicate values exist, only the last key will be kept in
    the flipped array.

    • // Result:
    • ["red" => "apple", "orange" => "orange", "yellow" =>
    Traversing Arrays
    The process of visiting each element in an array.
    • Using foreach Loop
    • foreach Loop:
    – Simplifies array traversal.
    – Iterates over each element in the array.
    • Example:
    • $colors = ["red", "green", "blue"];
    • foreach ($colors as $color)
    • {
    • echo $color . "<br>";
    • }
    • Associative Arrays:
    – Use foreach to iterate over key-value pairs.
    • Example:
    $person = ["name" => "John", "age" => 25, "city"
    => "New York"];
    • foreach ($person as $key => $value)
    • { echo "$key: $value <br>"; }
    Using for Loop
    • for Loop:
    – Useful when you need the index of the current element.
    • Example:
    • $fruits = ["apple", "orange", "banana"];
    • for ($i = 0; $i < count($fruits); $i++)
    • { echo $fruits[$i] . "<br>"; }
    Deleting Elements from Arrays in PHP

    • Dynamic Data:
    – Arrays often store dynamic data.
    – Need to remove elements based on certain conditions or
    requirements.

    • Using unset() Function


    – Removes a specified variable.
    – Used to delete array elements.
    • Example:
    • $fruits = ["apple", "orange", "banana"];
    • unset($fruits[1]);
    • // Removes "orange"
    Removing by Value
    • array_search() and unset()
    • array_search():
    – Finds the key of a value in an array.
    • Combining with unset():
    – Delete an element by its value.
    • Example:
    • $colors = ["red", "green", "blue"];
    • $key = array_search("green", $colors);
    unset($colors[$key]); // Removes "green"
    Removing Multiple Elements
    • Using array_splice()
    • array_splice():
    – Removes a portion of the array and returns it.
    – Can delete multiple elements.
    • Example:
    • $numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
    array_splice($numbers, 1, 2);
    • // Removes elements at index 1 and 2
    Filtering Elements
    • array_filter() Function
    • array_filter():
    – Filters elements of an array using a callback function.
    – Can be used to exclude specific elements.
    • Example:
    • $grades = ["A", "B", "C", "D", "F"];
    • $grades = array_filter($grades, function ($grade)
    { return $grade != "D"; });
    Conditional Deletion
    • Removing Elements Based on Condition
    • Using foreach Loop:
    – Iterate through the array and remove elements
    based on a condition.
    • Example:
    • $numbers = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50];
    • foreach ($numbers as $key => $value)
    • { if ($value > 30)
    • { unset($numbers[$key]);
    • }}
    array_values()

    • array_values():
    – A PHP function that returns all the values of an array.
    – Re-indexes the array numerically.
    • Syntax
    • array array_values ( array $array )
    • $array: The input array.
    • Example:
    • $colors = ["red" => "apple", "yellow" => "banana", "green"
    => "lime"]; $values = array_values($colors);

    • Result of array_values()
    • Numerically Indexed:
    – The resulting array has numeric keys starting from 0.
    • // Result: ["apple", "banana", "lime"]
    The Need for Sorting
    • Organizing Data:
    – Arrays often contain data that needs to be organized.
    – Sorting facilitates efficient data retrieval and presentation.

    • Sorting Functions
    • PHP's Array Sorting Functions
    • sort():
    – Sorts an array in ascending order.
    • rsort():
    – Sorts an array in descending order.
    • asort():
    – Sorts an associative array in ascending order, maintaining key-value pairs.
    • arsort():
    – Sorts an associative array in descending order, maintaining key-value pairs.
    Numerical Sorting
    • Using sort() and rsort()
    • sort():
    – Numerically sorts an array in ascending order.
    • Example:
    • $numbers = [4, 2, 8, 1, 6];
    • sort($numbers); // Result: [1, 2, 4, 6, 8]
    • rsort():
    – Numerically sorts an array in descending order.
    • Example:
    • $numbers = [4, 2, 8, 1, 6]; rsort($numbers);
    • // Result: [8, 6, 4, 2, 1]
    Associative Sorting
    • Using asort() and arsort()
    • asort():
    – Sorts an associative array in ascending order based on values.
    • Example:
    • $grades = ["John" => 85, "Jane" => 92, "Bob" => 78];
    • asort($grades);
    • Result: ["Bob" => 78, "John" => 85, "Jane" => 92]

    • arsort():
    – Sorts an associative array in descending order based on values.
    • Example:
    • $grades = ["John" => 85, "Jane" => 92, "Bob" => 78];
    • arsort($grades);

    • Result: ["Jane" => 92, "John" => 85, "Bob" => 78]
    Key Sorting
    • Using ksort() and krsort()
    • ksort():
    – Sorts an associative array in ascending order based on keys.
    • Example:
    • $fruits = ["banana" => "yellow", "apple" => "red", "orange" =>
    "orange"];
    • ksort($fruits);
    • Result: ["apple" => "red", "banana" => "yellow", "orange" => "orange"]

    • krsort():
    – Sorts an associative array in descending order based on keys.
    • Example:
    • $fruits = ["banana" => "yellow", "apple" => "red", "orange" =>
    "orange"];
    • krsort($fruits);
    • Result: ["orange" => "orange", "banana" => "yellow", "apple" => "red"]
    Custom Sorting
    • Using usort() for Custom Sorting
    • usort():
    – Allows for user-defined sorting based on a callback function.
    • Example:
    • $names = ["John", "Alice", "Bob", "Charlie"];
    usort($names, function ($a, $b) { return strlen($a) -
    strlen($b); });
    • // Result: ["Bob", "John", "Alice", "Charlie"]
    Splitting array
    array_slice()
    • it is used to fetch a part of an array by slicing through it, according to the users choice.

    • Syntax:
    • array_slice($array, $start_point, $slicing_range, preserve)

    • $array (mandatory): This parameter refers to the original array, we want to slice.
    • $start_point (mandatory): This parameter refers to the starting position of the array from where
    the slicing need to be performed. It is mandatory to supply this value. If the value supplied is
    negative, then the function starts slicing from the end of the array, i.e., -1 refers to the last
    element of the array.
    • $slicing _range (optional): This parameter refers to the range or limit point upto which the slicing
    is needed to be done. A negative value will indicate the count from the end of the string. On
    leaving blank the function will slice through all the values as mentioned in the starting point right
    up to the end.

    • preserve (optional): This parameter can take only two boolean parameters, i.e.,
    either True or False. This will tell the function whether to preserve the keys or reset it. True refers
    to preserve the keys and false refers to reset the keys. False being the default value.

    • Return Value: As already mentioned this function will return the selected or the sliced parts of the
    • <html>
    • <body>
    • <?php
    • $a=array("red","green","blue","yellow","brown");
    • print_r(array_slice($a,1,2));
    • ?>
    • </body>
    • </html>

    Array ( [0] => green [1] => blue )


    • <?php
    • $cric=array("sachin","sehwag","rahul","ganguly","yuvraj");
    • print_r(array_slice($cric,1,2));
    • ?>
    • Output:
    • Array ( [0] =>sehwag [1] =>rahul )

    • Example 2
    <?php
    $car = array("Ford", "Honda", "Hyundai", "Toyota", "Volkswagen")
    ;
    print_r(array_slice($car, 2, -1));
    ?>
    • Output:
    • Example 3
    <?php
    $car = array("Ford", "Honda", "Hyundai", "Toyota", "Volkswagen");
    print_r(array_slice($car, 2, -1, true));
    ?>
    • Output:
    • Array ( [2] => Hyundai [3] => Toyota )

    • Example 4
    <?php
    $subject = array('java','C++','os','DBMS');
    $result= array_slice($subject,3);
    print_r($result);
    $result= array_slice($subject,-2,1);
    print_r($result);
    $result= array_slice($subject,0,4);
    print_r($result);
    ?>
    • Output:
    • Array ( [0] => DBMS ) Array ( [0] =>os ) Array ( [0] => java [1] => C++ [2] =>os [3] => DBMS )
    array_chunk()
    • This function is an inbuilt function in PHP which is used to split an array into
    parts or chunks of given size depending upon the parameters passed to the
    function. The last chunk may contain fewer elements than the desired size of
    the chunk.
    • Syntax:
    • array array_chunk( $array, $size, $preserve_keys )
    • Parameters: This function accepts three parameters as shown in the above
    syntax. The parameters are described below:
    • $array: This parameter represents the array that is needed to be divided into
    chunks.
    • $size: This parameter is an integer which defines the size of the chunks to be
    created.
    • $preserve_keys: This parameter takes Boolean value. When this parameter is
    set to TRUE then the keys are preserved, otherwise the chunk is reindexed
    starting from 0.
    • Return value: This function returns a multidimensional array indexed starting
    from 0. Each chunk contains $size number of elements, except the last chunk
    which may contain lesser number of elements.
    • $input_array = array('a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e');
    array_chunk($input_array, 2);
    • Output : Array( [0] => Array ( [0] => a [1] => b ) [1]
    => Array ( [0] => c [1] => d ) [2] => Array ( [0] =>
    e))

    • $input_array = array('a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e');


    array_chunk($input_array, 2, true)
    • Output : Array ( [0] => Array ( [0] => a [1] => b ) [1]
    => Array ( [2] => c [3] => d ) [2] => Array ( [4] =>
    e))
    array_keys()
    • The is a built-in function in PHP and is used to return either all the keys of and
    array or the subset of the keys.

    • Syntax:
    • array array_keys($input_array, $search_value, $strict)Parameters: The function
    takes three parameters out of which one is mandatory and other two are
    optional.
    • $input_array (mandatory): Refers to the array that we want to operate on.

    • $search_value (optional): Refers to the value of the array by which we want to


    search the array for the key elements. If this parameter is passed then the
    function will return keys corresponding to this element only otherwise it will
    return all keys of the array.

    • $strict (optional): Determines if strict comparison (===) should be used during


    the search. false is the default value.
    • Return Value: The function returns an array containing either all of the keys or
    $input_array = ("one", "two", "three", "one", "four",
    "three", "one", "one")
    $search_value = "one"
    • Output : Array ( [0] => 0 [1] => 3 [2] => 6 [3] => 7 )
    array_keys()
    array_keys($input_array, $search_value, $strict)
    Parameters: The function takes three parameters out of
    which one is mandatory and other two are optional.
    • $input_array (mandatory): Refers to the array that we
    want to operate on.
    • $search_value (optional): Refers to the value of the array
    by which we want to search the array for the key
    elements. If this parameter is passed then the function
    will return keys corresponding to this element only
    otherwise it will return all keys of the array.
    • $strict (optional): Determines if strict comparison (===)
    should be used during the search. false is the default
    value.
    • <html>
    • <body>
    • <?php
    • $a=array("Volvo"=>"XC90","BMW"=>"X5","Toyota"=>"Highland
    er");
    • print_r(array_keys($a,"Highlander"));
    • ?>
    • </body>
    • </html>

    Array ( [0] => Toyota )


    array_key_exists()
    • It is used to check whether a specific key or
    index is present inside an array or not.
    • The function returns true if the specified key is
    found in the array otherwise returns false.
    • The required key while specifying the array, is
    skipped then it will generate the integer value for
    the key, starting from 0 that will be incremented
    by 1 for each value.
    • boolean array_key_exists($index, $array)

    • $index: This parameter is mandatory and refers


    to the key that is needed to be searched for in
    an input array.
    • $array: This parameter is mandatory and refers
    to the original array in which we want to search
    the given key $index.
    • <?php
    • // Sample array
    • $sampleArray = array(
    • 'key1' => 'value1',
    • 'key2' => 'value2',
    • 'key3' => 'value3'
    • );

    • // Check if keys exist


    • $keysToCheck = array('key1', 'key3', 'nonexistent_key');

    • foreach ($keysToCheck as $key) {


    • if (array_key_exists($key, $sampleArray)) {
    • echo "Key '$key' exists in the array.<br>";
    • } else {
    • echo "Key '$key' does not exist in the array.<br>";
    • }
    • }
    • ?>
    array_splice()
    • The array_splice() function removes selected elements from
    an array and replaces it with new elements. The function also
    returns an array with the removed elements.
    • array_splice(array, start, length)
    • arrayRequired. Specifies an array
    • start Required. Numeric value. Specifies where the function
    will start removing elements. If this value is set to a negative
    number, the function will start that far from the last element.
    • length Optional. Numeric value. Specifies how many
    elements will be removed, and also length of the returned
    array. If this value is set to a negative number, the function
    will stop that far from the last element. If this value is not set,
    the function will remove all elements, starting from the
    position set by the start-parameter.
    • <?php // Sample array
    • $originalArray = array('apple', 'banana', 'cherry', 'date',
    'rasberry');
    • $removedElements = array_splice($originalArray, 1, 2);
    • echo "Modified Array: ";
    • print_r($originalArray);
    • echo "Removed Elements: ";
    • print_r($removedElements); ?>
    • Output:
    • Modified Array: Array ( [0] => apple [1] => date [2] =>
    rasberry )
    • Removed Elements: Array ( [0] => banana [1] =>
    • array_combine()
    • Creates an array by using one array for keys and another for its values.

    • array_combine(array $keys, array $values): array


    • <?php
    • $keys = array('fruit1', 'fruit2', 'fruit3');
    • $values = array('apple', 'banana', 'cherry');
    • $combinedArray = array_combine($keys, $values);
    • print_r($combinedArray);
    • ?>

    • **Output:**
    • Array
    • (
    • [fruit1] => apple
    • [fruit2] => banana
    • [fruit3] => cherry
    • )
    • `
    • array_unique()
    • Removes duplicate values from an array.
    • array_unique(array $array, int $sort_flags = SORT_STRING): array`

    • <?php
    • $arrayWithDuplicates = array('apple', 'banana', 'cherry', 'apple', 'banana');
    •
    • $uniqueArray = array_unique($arrayWithDuplicates);
    •
    • print_r($uniqueArray);
    • ?>

    • Array
    • (
    • [0] => apple
    • [1] => banana
    • [2] => cherry
    • )
    • array_count_values()
    • Counts the occurrences of each unique value in an array.
    • array_count_values(array $array): array`
    • <?php
    • $arrayWithValues = array('apple', 'banana', 'cherry', 'apple', 'banana');
    •
    • $valueCounts = array_count_values($arrayWithValues);
    •
    • print_r($valueCounts);
    • ?>

    • Array
    • (
    • [apple] => 2
    • [banana] => 2
    • [cherry] => 1
    • )
    • array_merge()
    • Merges two or more arrays into a new array.
    • array_merge(array $array1, array $array2, ...): array

    • <?php
    • $array1 = array('a', 'b');
    • $array2 = array('c', 'd');
    • $mergedArray = array_merge($array1, $array2);
    • print_r($mergedArray);
    • ?>
    • Array
    • (
    • [0] => a
    • [1] => b
    • [2] => c
    • [3] => d
    • )
    array_sum()

    • Calculates the sum of array elements.


    • array_sum(array $array): number`
    • <?php
    • $numbers = array(2, 4, 6, 8);
    •
    • $sum = array_sum($numbers);
    •
    • echo "Sum of array elements: $sum";
    • ?>
    • Sum of array elements: 20

    • These examples cover the basic usage of each function. You can adapt
    them based on your specific use case and data.
    array_search()
    • Searches an array for a given value and returns the
    corresponding key if successful.

    • array_search(mixed $needle, array $haystack, bool $strict =


    false): mixed`

    • <?php
    • $haystack = array('apple', 'banana', 'cherry');
    •
    • $position = array_search('banana', $haystack);
    •
    • echo "Position of 'banana': $position";
    • ?>
    • Position of 'banana': 1
    array_reverse()
    • Reverses the order of elements in an array.
    • array_reverse(array $array, bool $preserve_keys = false): array`
    • <?php
    • $arrayToReverse = array('a', 'b', 'c');
    •
    • $reversedArray = array_reverse($arrayToReverse);
    •
    • print_r($reversedArray);
    • ?>
    • Array
    • (
    • [0] => c
    • [1] => b
    • [2] => a
    • )
    array_push()
    • Pushes one or more elements onto the end of an array.
    • array_push(array &$array, mixed $value1, mixed $value2, ...): int`
    • <?php
    • $stack = array("orange", "banana");
    • $count = array_push($stack, "apple", "cherry");
    • print_r($stack);
    • echo "Number of elements after push: $count";
    • ?>
    • Array
    • (
    • [0] => orange
    • [1] => banana
    • [2] => apple
    • [3] => cherry
    • )
    • Number of elements after push: 4
    array_product()
    • Calculates the product of array elements.
    • array_product(array $array): number`
    • <?php
    • $numbers = array(2, 4, 6, 8);
    • $product = array_product($numbers);
    • echo "Product of array elements: $product";
    • ?>
    • Product of array elements: 384
    array_pop()
    • Removes and returns the last element of an array.
    • array_pop(array &$array): mixed
    • <?php
    • $stack = array("orange", "banana", "apple");
    • $lastElement = array_pop($stack);
    • print_r($stack);
    • echo "Popped element: $lastElement";
    • ?>
    • Array
    • (
    • [0] => orange
    • [1] => banana
    • )
    • Popped element: apple

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