GOOD MORNING

Haemostasis Mechanism

Presented by
Surinder Kaur
Definition

 Stoppage of the bleeding at the site of injury

is known as haemostasis.
OR
 When a blood vessel is damaged by
mechanical injury of some kind, excessive
blood loss from the wound is prevented by a
process called haemostasis.
This involves a series of events

 Vasoconstriction
 Platelet plug formation
 Blood coagulation (Clot formation)
 Eventual growth of fibrous tissue into a blood
clot to close the hole in the vessel
permanently
Vasocontriction

 Vasoconstriction When a vascular

endothelium is damaged, there is localized
contractile response by the vascular smooth
muscle, causing the vessel to narrow.
 This reduces blood flow from ruptured
vessel.
This involves a series of events:

 local myogenic spasm release of local factors from

traumatized tissues and platelets.
 More the vessel trauma greater the degree of
spasm ... Sharply cut blood vessel bleeds more than
a vessel ruptured by crushing.
 This response lasts for short time and to prevent
serious blood loss further haemostatic mechanisms
are initiated.
Formation of a Platelet plug

 Small vascular rents are often sealed by platelet plug

 Characteristic of platelets (Thrombocytes)
 Colorless nonnucleated cell fragments that contain
numerous granules.
 Shape & Size:- minute round/ oval discs diameter 1-
4 mm
 Normal count:- 1,50,000 - 3,00,000 / m L
 Half Life :- 8 – 12 days.
 Cont---

 The cytoplasm of platelets contain active factors such as

Contractile proteins: Actin, myosin molecules,
thrombosthenin which help platelets to contract.
 Mitochondria & enzyme system :
 capable of forming ATP & ADP. Enzyme systems:
 synthesize prostaglandin Protein: called fibrin stabilizing
factor
 A growth factor: causes vascular endothelium, smooth
muscle & fibroblast to multiply & grow thus helps repair
damaged vessel wall.
Importance of platelets plug formation

 The Cell membrane of the platelet:

 It is of two layered & is extensively invaginated, with an intricate
canalicular system in contact with the ECF.
 It consists of lipids (phospholipids, cholesterol & glycolipids),
carbohydrate, proteins & glycoprotein.
 Glycoprotein form surface coat of platelet : prevents adherence
to normal endothelium yet causes adherence of platelets to
exposed collagen & damaged endothelium Phospholipids, PF-3
plays activating role in blood clotting process.
Mechanism of the platelet plug
 When platelet come in contact with damaged
vascular wall immediately change their
characteristics.
 They begin to swell assume irregular forms with
protruding pseudopods from their surface contract
forcefully with help of contractile proteins release
multiple active factors from their granules become
sticky & adhere to collagen in the tissues and to von
Willebrand factor secrete large quantities of ADP
synthesize thromboxane –A2 (Tx-A2),
vasoconstrictor
Contd..

The ADP & Tx-A2 act on nearby platelets to

activate them and they become sticky and
adhere to originally activated platelets.
Successively increasing no. of platelets are
activated and attract more and more additional
platelets thus forming a platelet plug. This is at
first loose plug, however, can completely seal
small breaks in blood vessel walls.
Importance of platelet plug formation:

 It is important for closing the minute ruptures in a

small blood vessels that occur many thousands time
in a day.
 It fuses with the endothelium in a ruptured vessel to
form additional endothelial membrane. a person who
has less no. of platelets develops each day literally
thousands of small hemorrhagic areas under the skin
but this does not occur in a normal person.
Blood Coagulation
 Clot formation:The third mechanism for haemostasis
is formation of the blood clot. Blood remains in fluid
condition within the blood vessel. But when it is shed
off or collected in a container, it loses it’s fluidity
within few minutes and converted into solid gel called
a clot.
 This phenomenon is called coagulation or clotting.
Both the properties of blood are essential for life.
 Fluidity: is essential for circulation.
 Coagulation: prevents excessive bleeding from
wounds.
Mechanism of Blood Coagulation

 More than 50 important substances that affect blood

coagulation : found in blood & in tissues.
Procoagulants: Promote coagulation
Anticoagulants: inhibit coagulation Whether blood
will coagulate depends on the balance between
these two groups of substances.
 In blood stream anticoagulants mainly predominate
preventing its coagulation while in circulation. But
when a vessel is ruptured, procoagulants become
activated & override anticoagulants and then a clot
develops
THANK YOU