Double-stranded DNA

Enveloped Viruses
 Herpes Viruses
• The herpes virus family contains several important
human pathogens.
• They exhibit many common features, such as similar
morphology of virions, basic mode of replication in
the host cells.
• These viruses are all capable of establishing a latent
infection with lifelong persistence in the host
( persist indefinitely) in infected hosts with periodic
reactivation.
• Some members cause cancer.
 Outstanding characteristics:

• Encode many enzymes

• Establish latent infections
• Persist indefinitely in infected hosts
• Frequently reactivated in immunosuppressed
hosts
• Some cause cancer
Herpes Viruses
 Herpes Viruses
• The Herpesviridae family includes eight viruses that
can cause disease in humans
• Simplexvirus (HHV1 and HHV 2), (HSV) type 1 & type2
• Varicella –Zoster virus (HHV 3)
• Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), (HHV 4)
• Cytomegalovirus (HHV 5), (CMV)
• Roseolovirus (HHV 6) Human B cell lymphotrophic
virus, (Roseola infantum) (SIX DISEASE)
• HHV 7 (T-lymphotropic virus)
• Kaposi's sarcoma (HHV 8)
 Herpes Viruses
• Subfamilies:
• α- Herpesviridae: Herpes simplex 1 & 2
3-Varicella –Zoster virus
• β- Herpesviridae: 5-Cytomegalovirus & HHV 6
&7
• δ Herpesviridae: Epstein-Barr virus & HHV 8
 Herpes Viruses
• Morphologically they are similar, double
strand DNA, icosahedral viruses, the
nucleocapsid is surrounded by a lipid envelop
derived from cell membrane, and contain
glycoprotein spikes.
• Herpes viruses replicate in the host cell
nucleus, and both replication and assembly
occur in the nucleus
 Herpes Viruses
• Herpes simplex viruses (HSVs)
• Is ubiquitous.
• There are two distinct types of HSV, HSV1 & HSV2, generally associated with
different sites of infection in patients
• Type 1 strains associated with the mouth, skin, eye & CNS. (above the
umbilicus)
• Type 2 strains found most often in the genital tract.(under the umbilicus).
• Recurrence can be triggered by:
• Exposure to ultraviolet radiation
• Emotional upset
• Environmental conditions (systemic or affecting the skin).
• Long time-stress VS. short time stress
• Hormonal change associated with menstruation.
• Age
• Heat
• Fever
 Herpes Viruses
HSV-1
• HSV-1 is highly contagious, with some studies suggesting that up to 65% of the
US population is infected; however, many infected individuals are asymptomatic
HSV 1 is endemic in all human populations investigated.
HSV1 establishes a latent infection in nerve cells. From there it can periodically
emerge to reinfect skin or other tissues, causing recurrent mucocutaneous
lesions
How does herpes spread?
Herpes simplex virus infections are exclusively human diseases.
Humans are the only natural reservoirs. No vectors are involved
HSV-1 is mainly transmitted by contact with the HSV-1 virus found in cold sores,
infected saliva, and surfaces in or around the mouth and lips. However, it can
also be transmitted through oral sex to cause genital herpes.
• While the lips, mouth, and face are the most common sites for HSV-1 infections,
lesions can spread to other areas of the body. Wrestlers and other athletes
involved in contact sports may develop lesions on the neck, shoulders, and
trunk. This condition is often called herpes gladiatorum
 Herpes Viruses
HSV-1

This cold sore was caused by HSV-1.

 Herpes Viruses
HSV-1
Individuals who are infected with HSV-1 orally are unlikely to be
subsequently infected with HSV-1 in the genital area.
The majority of HSV-1 infections occur during childhood
Infection is lifelong, although symptoms and the frequency of outbreaks
generally decrease over time.
In cases where a mother has HSV-1 genital herpes, HSV-1 can be
transmitted to the neonate during delivery, although this is rare.
Remember, a person with herpes doesn’t have to have symptoms to
spread the virus to someone else.
Infection usually occurs in infancy.
Frequently subclinical.
Papules…….vesicles……pustules…. Rupture (ulcer)
Acute herpetic gingivostomatitis, acute herpetic pharyngotonsillitis,
herpes labialis, herpes encephalitis, eczema herpeticum, and herpetic
whitlow
 Viral replication ?????
• After entry into the cell, the virion is uncoated, genome is released,
• The genome DNA enters into the nucleus.
• The mRNA is transcribed by host cell RNA polymerase and then translated into
early nonstructural proteins.
• Subsequently, the viral DNA polymerase replicates the genome DNA,
• Synthesis of early proteins is stopped but synthesis of late structural proteins
begins.
• Assembly of virion occurs.
• The virion acquires its envelope by budding through the nuclear membrane.
• It also causes latent infections of neurons by the presence of multiple copies
of HSV-1 DNA in the cytoplasm of infected neurons
• Like other enveloped viruses, HSVs are sensitive to treatment with acid, fat
solvents, detergents, and drying. They are readily inactivated in the conditions
prevalent in the gastrointestinal tract.