Non- Communicable Diseases

A Presentation by Batch D3
 Non- Communicable Diseases

Visual Impairment Accidents

& &
Blindness Injuries
VISUAL IMPAIRMENT AND BLINDNESS
Rabia Abbas, Abeer Tahir, Abdullah Aslam Khan
OBJECTIVES
• Define blindness (WHO)

• Enlist its causes in community

• Describe epidemiology of blindness

• Describe the role of vitamin A in the

prevention of blindness

• Explain changing concepts in eye care,

vision 2020 (WHO)
INTRODUCTION TO BLINDNESS
DEFINITION-

VISUAL ACQUITY OF LESS THAN

3/60 OR IT’S EQUIVALENT
IN 2010, AN ESTIMATED 285 MILLION PEOPLE
WORLDWIDE WERE VISUALLY DISABLED, OF
WHOM NEARLY 39 MILLION WERE BLIND
AND 246 MILLION WERE WITH LOW VISION
CAUSES OF BLINDNESS
ACCIDENTS.
•GLAUCOMA.
•DIABETTES.
•HYPERTENSION
•CATARACTS
•VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY
•CORNEAL ULCER
•OCULAR TRAUMA
•XEROPHTHALMIA.
•DEGENERATION OF OCULAR TISSUE
OPTIC ATROPHY
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS
• AGE
• SEX
• MALNUTRITION
• OCCUPATION.
• SOCIAL CLASS
• SOCIAL FACTORS
 Changing Concepts in Eye health care

Acute/ Clinical Ophthalmology Primary Eye Care

- Model for eye care at the level of community

Team Concept Epidemiological approach

- Village health care workers - Studies at a population level
- Ophthalmic assistants - Talks about incidence and prevalence
- Workers
- Voluntary agencies

Establishment of National programs

- General- eye camps Comprehensive Eye Health Care
- Specific to a disease
Changing concepts in eye health care
So the take away point is

Blindness can be Avoided

Prevention of Blindness

- Initial Assessment
- Methods Of Intervention
- Long Term Measures
- Evaluation
Prevention of Blindness

Initial Assessment

- Magnitude
- Geographic Distribution
- Causes
 Prevention of Blindness
Methods of Intervention

Primary Eye Care Secondary Care Tertiary Care

• wide range of eye conditions (not
specific to one disease)
• locally trained primary health workers
• tetracycline, vitamin A capsules,
eye bandages, shields.
• Personal Hygiene, dietary habits
“Eye care made accessible to
individuals and families in the community
through their full participation and at a
cost that the community and country can
afford “
• definitive management (specific)
• Established eye clinics(PHCs and district
hospitals
• inexpensive eye care to the
population at the peripheral level.
• Cataract operations,
surveys, education at mass etc.
• national or regional capitals
• sophisticated eye care, complex forms
• retinal detachment surgery, corneal
grafting
• Education for Blind students in
schools, providing employment
 Prevention of Blindness
Methods of Intervention
Specific Programs:-

Trachoma control:

•TCP launched in India in 1963 merged with National Program for the Control of Blindness in 1976
 Prevention of Blindness
Methods of Intervention
Specific Programs:-

Trachoma control:

•TCP launched in India in 1963 merged with National Program for the Control of Blindness in 1976
 Prevention of Blindness
Methods of Intervention
Specific Programs:-

School eye health services:

•School children who form a sizable segment of the community can be screened and treated for
defects such as refraction errors, squints, trachoma etc.
 Prevention of Blindness
Methods of Intervention
Specific Programs:-

Vitamin A Prophylaxis:

•200,000 IU of Vit A given orally at 6 monthly intervals between ages 1-6 years
 Prevention of Blindness
Methods of Intervention
Specific Programs:-

Occupational eye health services:

•Improve safety features of machines

•Proper illumination

•Encourage use of protective devices

Prevention of Blindness

Long Term Measures And Evaluation:-

Attack factors responsible for eye health problems:-

•Poor Sanitation
•Lack of safe water supplies
•Little intake of vitamin A rich food
•Lack of personal hygiene
Prevention of Blindness

Vision 2020:The Right to Sight

• International Agency for Prevention of Blindness (1974)
• Vision 2020 launched by WHO on 18 Feb,2020.
 Accidents
and
Injuries
MEHAK FATIMA, KHUSH BAKHT,
TEHMINA SHAMSI
 Objectives
• DEFINE ACCIDENTS.
• ENLIST TYPES OF ACCIDENTS
• DESCRIBE PREVENTION OF ACCIDENTS
 Accident and Injuries

Accident is an unexpected occurrence which may involve injury.

WHO Definition:
Accident is an event which is caused by rapidly acting force,
independent of men’s will which results in physical
and mental death.
Measurement of problem:
a.MORTALITY:
•proportional mortality rate
•no. of accidents or fatalities as a ratio of no.
of vehicles
b.MORBIDITY:
•serious injuries
•slight injuries "Abbreviated Injury Scale”
disability:
•temporary or permanent
•partial or total
 The problem
Globally causes of deaths due to accidents in year 2012
Types of Accidents:
•RTAs
•Domestic Accidents
•Industrial Accidents
•Occupational
•Miscellaneous
 Prevention:
Accidents don’t just happen; they are
caused.1.Data collection
2.Safety education
3.Promotion of Safety measures
4.Alcohol and other drugs
5.Primary care
6.Elimination of causative factors
7.Enforcement of laws
8.Rehabilitation services
9.Accident research
 1- Road Traffic Accidents

• In many countries motor vehicle acci-

dents rank first among all fatal acci-
dents
• Every year almost 1.25 million people
die from RTAs in the world
Risk factors of RTAs

• Over loading
• Over speeding
• Drink & driving
• failure to follow traffic rules
• Bad roads
• poor vision
Measures to Avoid RTAs

• motorcycle helmets
• seat belts
•child restraints
2- Domestic Accidents

It is an accidents which takes place in the home or in

its immediate surroundings.

Causes of Domestic Accidents:-

• Drowning
• Burns ( by a flame, hot liquid, electricity ,fire works)
• poisoning (e.g. drugs, insecticide ,kerosene etc.)
• Injuries from sharp or pointed instruments
• Bites and other injuries from animals.
 3- Industrial Accidents
• industrial accidents are unpredictable inci-
dence that occur in an industrial setting lead-
ing to injuries.
Causes:-
• Injuries due to machine handling
• Eye injuries due to welding
• Poor light condition
• Chemicals , which enter the body.
 4- Occupational Accidents
Accident that occurs on work place

Causes of Occupational Accidents

• In case of doctors , nurses there may be a prick in
case of hepatitis and AIDs patients
• In agriculture worker, there may be poisoning case
due to handling of insecticides
• Electric shock from machinery use.
5- Miscellaneous Accidents

• Collapse of building where substandard material is

used
• Collapse of very old building
• Railway accidents
• Accidents due to short circuiting
• Air crashes
• Fall while kiting
 Burns 🔥
Burn is an injury to the skin or organic tissue
caused by heat or due to radiation, radioactiv-
ity, electricity, friction or contact with chemicals.
Thermal or heat burns occur when some or all
of the cells in the skin or other tissues are de-
stroyed by hot liquid, solids or flames.
 Risk factors
• Females are at greater risk (unsafe cook stoves)
• Children (unsupervised)
• Occupation (firefighters, power supply workers,
electricians)
• Kerosene oil
First-Aid
 Falls
• Falls are a major public health problem and about
424000 fatal falls occur each year.
• Some possible reasons for falls include large open
windows, steep stairs, rooftops that may not be
well guarded etc.
• Medical condition ( osteoporosis, vit D or Calcium
deficiency)
 How to prevent falls?
• Treat medical conditions that cause people
to fall often ( consume vit D, calcium
• supplements, correct visual impairment)
• Home assessment and
environmental modification