RESPONSIBILITY OF AN ENGINEER IN ENSURING THE

SAFETY OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT

• Responsibility to maximize the value of their activity to build a sustainable planet.
• Empathies about the environmental limits and finite resources.
• Sustainable development has become as an accepted orthodoxy for the global economic
development and environmental protection since the ending of the twentieth century where
engineers play an important role for this sustainable development and fortification.
Some of the responsibilities are:
Valuable and competent, scheduling and administration.
Explicit care and concern about technology’s impact on nature and the environment.
Principles of sustainable development followed, while thinking about any technical and
engineering designs.
Reduce the demand of resources.
 Reduction of waste production by using effectively the resources that are used.
Make use of systems and products which reduce embedded carbon, energy and water use,
waste and pollution, etc.
Adopt strategies such as salvaging, reprocessing, decommissioning and discarding of
components and materials.
Carrying out a comprehensive risk assessment prior to starting of the project.
Risk assessment should ensure and include the potential environmental, economical and
societal impacts, way ahead of the natural life of the engineering venture.
Monitoring systems to measure any environmental, social and economical impacts of
engineering projects so it can be identified at an early stage.
Promote effective utilization, storage, handling, and discarding of harmful substances.
Make joint efforts with other authorities to perk up treatment of contaminated sites and
promote sustainable redevelopment.
Promote early detection and response to land quality issues through legislated requirements
for mandatory reporting of site contamination.
Develop, modify and upgrade the ambient water monitoring system with proper maintenance.
Team-up with the Department of Health to tackle issues related to contaminants in drinking
water.
 INTRODUCTION TO BUILDINGS

• Definition:
Building is defined in National Building Code
as "any structure for whatsoever purpose
and of whatsoever materials constructed
and every part thereof whether used as
human habitation or not and includes
foundation, plinth, walls, floors, roofs,
chimneys, plumbing and building services,
fixed platforms, verandah, balcony, cornice
or projection, part of a building or anything
affixed thereto or any wall enclosing or
intended to enclose any land or space and
signs and outdoor display structures.
• The National Building Code of India (NBC), a comprehensive building Code, is a
national instrument providing guidelines for regulating the building construction
activities across the country.
• It serves as a Model Code for adoption by all agencies involved in building
construction works of Public Works Departments, other Govt. departments and
private construction agencies.
• The Code mainly contains administrative regulations, development control rules and
general building requirements; fire safety requirements; stipulations regarding
materials, structural design and construction (including safety); building and
plumbing services; approach to sustainability; and asset and facility management.
• NBC also contain the basic infrastructure and services to be provided in buildings.
• Building codes exist to protect the public's health, safety and welfare.
• The NBC formulated and published by the Bureau of Indian Standards.
• The building that does not satisfy building code or violation of NBC will lead to penalty,
cancellation of sanction or demolition of the building.
TYPES OF BUILDINGS
Classification Based on Occupancy : All buildings, whether existing or hereafter erected
shall be classification according to the use or the character of occupancy in one of the
following groups:
Group A: Residential
Group B :Educational
Group C :Institutional
Group D :Assembly
Group E :Business
Group F :Mercantile
Group G :Industrial
Group H :Storage
Group J :Hazardous
Group A Residential Buildings
These shall include any building in which sleeping accommodation is provided for
normal residential purposes with or without cooking or dining or both facilities,
except any building classified under Group C.
Subdivisions are:
1. Subdivision A-1 : Lodging and rooming houses.
• These shall include any building or group of buildings under the same
management, in which separate sleeping accommodation on transient or
permanent has with or without dining facilities but without cooking facilities for
individuals Is provided. This includes clubs, motels and guest houses.
2.Subdivision A-2 : One or two family private dwellings.
• These shall include any private dwelling, which is occupied by members of one
or two families and has a total sleeping accommodation for not more than 20
persons. If rooms in a private dwelling are rented to outsiders, these shall be
for accommodating not more than three persons per room.
• If sleeping accommodation for more than 20 persons is provided in
any one residential building, it shall be classified as a building in
Subdivision A-L or Subdivision A-4 as the case may be
3.Subdivision A-3 :Dormitories.
• These shall include any building in which group sleeping accommodation is
provided, with or without dining facilities for persons who are not members of
the same family, in one room or a series of closely associated rooms under joint
occupancy and single management, for example, school and college dormitories,
students, and other hostels and military barracks.
Subdivision A-4 :Apartment houses.

• These shall include any building or structure in which living quarters are provided for
three or more families. living independently of each other and with independent
cooking facilities, for example, apartment houses, mansions and Chawls.
Subdivision A-5: Hotels.
• These shall include any building or group of buildings under single management, in
which sleeping accommodation is provided, with or without dining facilities for
hotels classified up to Four Star Category,
Subdivision A-6 : Starred hotels.
• These shall include the hotels duly approved by the concerned authorities as Five Star
and above hotels.
Group B Educational Buildings
• These shall include any building used for school, college, other training institutions for
day-care purposes involving assembly for instruction, education or recreation for not
less 20 students.
• If residential accommodation is provided in school/institution, that portion of
occupancy shall be classified as a building in sub- division A-3
Subdivision B-1: Schools up to senior secondary level.
• This subdivision shall include any building or a group of buildings under single
management which is used for students not less than 20 in number.
b) Subdivision B-2 All others/training institutions. This subdivision shall include any
building or a group of buildings under single management which is used for students not
less than 100 in number
Group C : Institutional Buildings

• These shall include any building or part thereof, which is used for purposes, such as
medical or other treatment or care of persons suffering from physical or mental
illness, disease or infirmity: cares of infants.
• Penal or correctional detention in which the liberty of the inmates is restricted.
• Institutional buildings ordinarily provided sleeping accommodation for the
accommodation occupants.
Subdivision C-1: Hospitals and sanatoria.
• This subdivision shall include any building or a group of buildings under single
management, which is used for housing persons suffering from physical limitations
because of health or age and those incapable of self-preservation, for example,
hospitals, infirmaries, sanatoria and nursing homes.
 Subdivision C-2 : Custodial institutions.
• This subdivision shall include any building or a group of buildings under single
management, which is used for the custody and care of persons, such as children,
convalescents and the aged who are incapable of self-preservation, for example,
homes for the aged and infirm, convalescent homes and orphanages.
Subdivision C-3 : Penal and mental institutions.
• This subdivision shall include any building or a group of buildings under single
management, which is used for housing persons under restraint, or who are detained
for penal or corrective purposes, in which the liberty of the inmates is restricted, for
example, jails, prisons, mental hospitals, mental sanatoria and reformatories.
Group D : Assembly Buildings
• These shall include any building or part of building, where number of persons not
less than 50 congregate or gather for amusement, recreation social, religious,
patriotic, civil, travel and similar purposes, for example theatres motion picture
houses, assembly hall, museum, skating rinks, auditoria exhibition halls,
gymnasiums, restaurants, places of worships dance halls, clubrooms, passenger
stations and terminals of air, surface and marine public transportation services,
recreation piers and stadia, etc.
• Subdivision D-1: Buildings having a theatrical or motion picture or any other stage
and fixed seats for over 1000 persons.
• Subdivision D-2: Buildings having a theatrical or motion picture or any other stage
and fixed seats up to 1000 persons
• Subdivision D-3: Buildings without a permanent stage having accommodation for
300 or more persons but no permanent seating arrangement.
• Subdivision D-4 : Buildings without a permanent stage having accommodation for
less than 300 persons with no permanent seating arrangement
• Subdivision D-5: All other structures including temporary structures designed for
assembly of people not covered by Subdivisions D-I to D-4, at ground level.
• Subdivision D-6: Buildings having mixed occupancies of assembly and mercantile (for
example, shopping malls providing facilities such as shopping, cinema theatres,
multiplexes and restaurants/food courts)
• Subdivision D-7: Underground and elevated mass rapid transit system.
 D-6
D-7
Group E : Business
• Include any building or part thereof which is used for transaction of business for
keeping of accounts and records and similar purposes, professional establishments,
service facilities, etc.
• City halls, town halls, courthouses and libraries shall be classified in this group so far
as the principal function of these is transaction of public business and keeping of
books and records.
Subdivision E-1 : Offices, banks, professional establishments, like offices of architects,
engineers, doctors, lawyers, post offices and police stations

Subdivision E-2: Laboratories, outpatient clinics, research establishments, libraries

Subdivision E-3: Electronic data processing centres. Computer installations, information

technology parks and call centres

SubdivisionE-4 : Telephone exchanges

Subdivision E-5 : Broadcasting stations, T.V. stations and air traffic control towers.
Group F : Mercantile Buildings
• These shall include any building or part of a building, which is used as shops,
stores, market. for display and sale of merchandise, either wholesale or retail.
• Subdivision F-1 Shops, stores, departmental stores, markets (any with covered
area up to 500 m2)
• Subdivision F-2 Shops, stores, departmental stores, markets (any with covered
area more than 500 m2)
• Subdivision F-3 Underground shopping centres
Group G: Industrial Buildings

• These shall include any building or part of a building or structure, in which

products or materials of all kinds and properties are fabricated, assembled,
manufactured or processed.
• Eg: assembly plants, industrial laboratories, dry cleaning plants, power plants
generating units, pumping stations, fumigation chambers, laundries, building or
structures in gas plants, refineries. dairies and saw-mills, etc
Subdivision G-1.
• This subdivision shall include any building in which the contents are of such
comparative low combustibility and the industrial processes or operations conducted
therein are of such a nature that there is hardly any possibility for any self-
propagating fire to occur and the only consequent danger to life and property may
arise from panic, fumes or smoke or fire from some external source
Subdivision G-2: This subdivision shall include any building in which the contents or
industrial processes or operations conducted therein are liable to give rise to a fire
which will burn with moderate rapidity or result in other hazardous situation and
may give off a considerable volume of smoke, but from which neither toxic fumes nor
explosions are to be feared in the event of fire.
Subdivision G-3: This subdivision shall include any building in which the contents or
industrial processes or operations conducted therein are liable to give rise to a fire
which will burn with extreme rapidity or result in other hazardous situation or from
which poisonous fumes or explosions are to be feared in the event of a fire.
Group H: Storage Buildings
• Building or part of a building used primarily for or the storage or sheltering
(including servicing, processing or repairing incidental to storage) of goods, ware
merchandise (except that those involve highly combustible or explosive products
or materials) vehicles or animals, for example, warehouses, cold storage, freight
depots, transit sheds, storehouses, trucks and marine terminals, garage, hangers
grain elevators, barns and stables.
• Storage properties are characterized by the presence of relatively small number
of persons in proportion to the area.
Group J : Hazardous Buildings
• These shall include any building or part of a building, which is used for the storage,
handling, manufacture or processing of highly combustible or explosive materials or
products which are liable to burn with extreme rapidity and which may produce
poisonous fumes or explosions for storage, handling.
• Manufacturing or processing which involve highly corrosive, toxic or noxious alkalis,
acid or other liquids or chemical producing flames, fumes and explosive, poisonous,
irritant or corrosive gases; and for the storage handling or processing of any material
producing explosive mixtures of dust which result in the division of matter into fine
particles subject to spontaneous ignition.
Selection of site for buildings
• Planning of a building is the pre requisite of any type of building construction. This
ensures optimum utilization of physical surroundings, natural lighting and ventilation
thereby to achieve comfortable and tranquil living conditions.
• Planning includes selection of a suitable site, orientation of building. provision of all
functionalities intended for that building.
Classification based on fire resistance capacity
• Type 1: Fire proof construction with structural components incombustible and
fire resistant upto 4 hours.
• Type 2: Structural components are incombustible and fire resistant upto 3
hours
• Type 3: Exterior portion is with incombustible structural components and inner
parts other than inner walls are made of combustible material. Fire resistant
upto 2 hours.
• Type 4: Exterior walls, bearing walls, roof and floor will be wholly or partly of
wood or other combustible material. Fire resistant for about 1 hour.
Classification based on height of construction
• High Rise buildings: Buildings with height more than 15m
• Low Rise Buildings: Buildings with height less than 15m
Classification based on mode of load transfer
 Load Bearing Masonry Building: Load of upper floors and lower floors are
transferred through masonry wall to foundation
 Framed buildings: Framework of columns and beams to carry load to the
foundation
Classification based on predominant material used
a) Earthen Building b) Thatched building
c) Masonry Building d) Wooden Building
e) Steel building f) RCC building
Factors for the selection of a site for a residential building:

1.The site should be fairly level with good quality of soil.

2. The location should be calm but reasonably developed.
3. It should be well connected by the roads and other modes of transport.
4.It should have good communication facilities.
5. Electricity, water and sewer lines should be available.
6. It should be away from hazardous industries.
7. Flood prone areas, water logged areas and reclaimed land should be avoided.
8.The site should have good natural ventilation and lighting.
9. The amenities like schools, recreation centres, shopping centres, hospitals should be
nearer.
10. Site should have quick drainage properties.
11.It may have regular shape with sufficient frontage.
12. The area must be sufficient for present and future development.
13. The places prone to air and water pollution should be avoided.
14. The proper owner ship and other legal matters have to be checked before
buying a site.
15. The type of land use recommended at proposed site should be complied as per
the town planning/development schemes.
Components of buildings
Typically a building consists of three important components. They are
1. Sub-structure or Foundations.
2. Plinth
3. Super structure.
• Sub-structure or foundation is the lower portion of the building, usually located
below the ground level, which transmits the loads of the super-structure to the
supporting soil.
• Foundation is therefore that part of the structure which is in direct contact with
the ground.
• Super-structure is that part of the structure which is above ground level
• A part of the super-structure, located between the ground level and the floor level
is known as plinth.
• Plinth is therefore defined as the portion of the structure in between the surface
of the surrounding ground and surface of the floor, immediately above the ground.
• The level of the floor is usually known as the plinth level.
• The built-up covered area measured at the floor level is known as plinth area.
• Sub-structure or foundation is the lower portion of the building, usually located
below the ground level, which transmits the loads of the super-structure to the
supporting soil.
• Foundation is therefore that part of the structure which is in direct contact with
the ground.
• Super-structure is that part of the structure which is above ground level
• A part of the super-structure, located between the ground level and the floor level
is known as plinth.
• Plinth is therefore defined as the portion of the structure in between the surface
of the surrounding ground and surface of the floor, immediately above the ground.
• The level of the floor is usually known as the plinth level.
• The built-up covered area measured at the floor level is known as plinth area.
1) Sub-structure or foundation:
• Portion of the building, below ground level, which transmits the load of super
structure to the soil.
• It is the most critical part of the building which safeguards the building against the
forces of wind, uplift, soil pressure etc. Any fault in foundation leads to collapse of the
building.
The important functions are
1) It distributes the total load coming on the building uniformly to a large bearing
area. Such that the bearing pressure is below Safe Bearing Capacity.
2) It provides a level and firm surface for the construction superstructure.
3) It ensures the stability of the building against sliding, overturning etc.
4) It ensures the stability of the building against undermining due to floodwater or
burrowing animals.
5) The pressure which the foundation exerts on the soil compresses it making the
foundation to move downwards. This is called settlement. It prevents unequal or
differential settlement of the structure.

Foundations are broadly classified as shallow foundations and deep foundations.

• A foundation is shallow if it depth is equal to or less than its width. In
deep foundations, the depth of the foundation is more than the width
2) Plinth: Middle part of the building above the surface of the surrounding ground
up to the surface of the floor. (i.e floor level).
Sometimes it is also called as basement.
• The minimum height of the plinth is usually kept as 45cm.
• Usually a coping (projection) of finely dressed stones or of concrete is provided at
the top of the plinth.
The functions are
i) It transmits the load from superstructure to the sub structure.
ii) It acts as a retaining wall for the filling inside the plinth or raised floor.
iii) It protects the building from dampness and moisture penetration.
iv) It improves the architectural appearance of the building.
3) Super structure: Component of the building which is constructed above the plinth
level.
It includes walls and piers, floors, doors and windows, lintels, sunshades, roofs, steps and
stairs and finishes for walls.
a) Walls and piers:
 The main function of walls is to divide the space into different rooms. Also walls
support the loads from the roof & upper floors to the foundations.
 Piers or pillars are thickened sections of the walls placed at intervals to carry the
concentrated loads. Walls are built with bricks, stones, or with concrete.
The features of walls are
• The walls should be strong enough to carry the loads safely ( self weight as well as
imposed loads from roof/upper floors)
• The external walls should provide sufficient resistance against weathering agencies like,
sun, wind, rain and snow.
• It should be stable against overturning by lateral forces.
• It should have adequate resistance against fire.
• Walls should have sufficient heat and sound insulation.
• Walls should provide sufficient privacy and security against burglary.
• Walls may be either load bearing walls or non-load bearing walls.
• Load bearing walls are those which are designed to carry the super-imposed
loads (transferred from roofs), in addition to their own (self) weight.
 Load bearing walls are thick and hence occupy more floor area.
• Non-load bearing walls carry their own load only.
 They generally serve a divide walls or partition walls.

Wall may be of several types, such as cavity walls, party walls, partition walls,
dwarf walls, retaining walls, etc.
• A column is an isolated vertical load bearing member, the width of which is neither less
than its thickness nor more than four times its thickness.
• A pier is a member similar to a column except that it is bonded into load bearing wall at
the sides to form integral part and extends to the full height of the wall.
• A pier is used to increase the stiffness of the wall to carry additional load or to carry
vertical concentrated load
Floors: Floors are provided to divide a building into different stores for creating
more accommodation one above the other.
The main function of the floor
• Is to give support to occupants, furniture, equipment in building.
• The floors should be strong enough to carry the loads safely (its self weight as well
as imposed loads.)
• The floor should provide a clean, smooth, impervious, durable and weather
resistant.
• It should have adequate resistance against fire.
• Floor should have sufficient heat and sound insulation.
• The floor of a building immediately above the ground
is known as ground floor.
• All other floors which are above the ground floor are
known as the upper floors.
• The floor of the first storey is known as the first floor
and that of the second storey is known as the second
floor, etc.
• In case, part of the building is constructed below the
ground level, or the building has the basement, the
floor is known as basement floor.
• Every floor has two components :
• Sub-floor, which is a structural component to impart strength and stability to support
the super-imposed loads and
• Floor covering or flooring consisting of suitable floor finish.
• Apart from giving good finished surface, floors also should have good damp resistance,
hardness, thermal insulation, fire resistance and durability.
FLOOR AREA:
• Floor area is the usable covered area of a building at any floor level.
c) Steps and stairs:
• Steps and stairs are provided for access to the building or to the other floors of the
building.
• The location of the stairs is decided in such way that it can be accessed easily and
quickly from all parts of the building. All requirements of the wall are to be satisfied by
stairs also.
d) Doors and Windows:
• Doors are provided to give access to outside of the building as well as to connect inner
rooms of the building
• Window is an opening provided for ventilation and natural light.
• These should be
i) Doors and windows should be weather resistant.
iii) It should have adequate resistance against fire.
iv) It should have sufficient heat and sound insulation.
v) Doors and windows should provide sufficient privacy and security against burglary.
e) Beams and Lintels:
Beam: is a horizontal structural member, which carries floor slab or roof.
Lintel: is a beam that supports the masonry work over openings in the walls.

Beam
Lintel
f) Sunshade: It is a projection provided outside a building above the doors and windows
to prevent direct sunlight and rain to the rooms.
g) Roof: Roof is a cover for the building, to protect it from rain, wind, snow, sunlight etc.
Roofs may be flat, sloping or curved type
 Roofs should be strong, stable and weather resistant.
 It should have adequate resistance against fire.
 It should have sufficient heat and sound insulation

ROOF
h) Parapet: A short masonry wall built on top of the roof of a building is called parapet.
It serves as an enclosure above the roof and as an element for good appearance.
i) Weathering course: It is the layer provided over the roof slab to protect the
roof from weathering agencies like sunlight, rain and wind.
j) Finishes for walls: Finishes for walls are pointing, plastering, painting,
distempering etc.

Plastering

Pointing
1. Building finishes –
 Building finishes are used to give protective covering to various building
components, and at the same time, they provide decorative effects.

Building finishes consists of the following items.

a) Plastering-Plastering consists of providing a thin covering of materials such a
cement mortar, lime mortar, etc., on walls, columns and other surfaces.
b) Pointing-Pointing is the process of finishing of mortar joints in brick or
masonry.
c) Painting, varnishing and polishing - Painting, varnishing and polishing are
done on doors, windows and other timber and steel components.
d) White washing, distempering, colour washing or colouring - White washing
distempering and colour washing, etc., are done on plastered surfaces, to
safeguard them against weathering effects and to improve the appearance
The main functions are
i) These finishes protect walls from effects of weather.
ii) It covers the defective materials or poor workmanship to some extent.
iii) It improves the aesthetic appearance of the building
INTRODUCTION- BUILDING RULES
• The planning commission of India has emerged out with efforts to unify and standardize
the construction practices in our country soon after the Third Five Year Plan.
• Various studies conducted in this resulted in a recommendation that a National Building
Code (NBC) be prepared to unify the building regulations throughout the country.
• The task of preparation of National Building Code was entrusted to Bureau of Indian
Standards (BIS). The first version of NBC was published in 1970.
• Current one in 2016.
RELEVANCE OF NBC

• National Building Code (NBC) controls ultimately all construction activities in our
country.
• It provides guidelines for all regulations related to building construction.
• States and Union territories of our country have framed building rules and rules of
fire fighting, solid waste management etc. based on NBC. In the absence of a state
rule, provisions of NBC prevail.
• Information and mandatory practices are available in NBC related to the following
aspects.
1. Development and building planning: General Building regulations, fire and life safety,
building materials. landscape development, sustainability approach.
2.Structural Design aspects:- Loads and forces, Soils and foundations, Building
materials, Masonry, Concrete, steel, Glazing and Prefabrication.
3. Construction and Asset/Facility Management: Construction management practices and
safety, Asset and facility management.

4. Building services: Lighting and Natural Ventilation, Electrical and Allied Installations, Air
Conditioning, Heating and Mechanical Ventilation, Acoustics, Sound Insulation and Noise
Control, Installation of Lifts, Escalators and Moving Walks, Information and Communication
Enabled Installations.

5. Plumbing services and solid waste management: Water supply, drainage and sanitation,
Solid waste management, Gas supply.
 KMBR

• Building construction in Kerala is regulated by Kerala Municipality Buildings Rules (KMBR),

1999 and Kerala Panchayat Buildings Rules (KPBR), 2011. Prior to that, construction of
buildings was being regulated by Kerala Building Rules, 1984 (KBR)
• The State Government framed the KMBR/KPBR in exercise of the powers conferred by the
Kerala Municipality Act, 1994 (Act)/Kerala Panchayat Raj Act, 1994 (Act) for planned
development of the area concerned, the safety and well being of occupants of the buildings
and the public.
• In Kerala, there are 6 municipal corporations (viz., Trivandrum, Calicut, Kochi (Cochin Municipal
Corporation), Thrissur, Kollam and Kannur), 87 municipalities and 941 grama panchayats.
• The Kerala Municipality Buildings Rules (KMBR), 1999, shall apply to all municipalities
and corporations in the State.
• The Kerala Panchayat Buildings Rules (KPBR), 2011, shall apply to all Village Panchayats
in the State.
• According to KMBR/KPBR, any person who intends to construct/reconstruct a building
should submit an application along with site plan for approval of the site and an
application together with ground plan, elevation, sections of the building and
specification of the work to the Secretary of the Municipal Corporation
Municipality/Panchayat.
• The applicant has to submit documents to prove ownership of the land concerned
and payment of application fee along with a copy of the certificate of registration of
the architect/building designer.

• The Secretary inspects site, verifies whether the building plan, elevation and
sections of the buildings and specifications of the work conform to the site and site
plan and is in accordance with KMBR/KPBR.

• Then secretary approves the plan and issues permit to execute the work on
remittance of the permit fee at the prescribed rates.

• He/she also has the power to refuse approval or to demand modifications to the
plan which should be communicated in writing.
• Constructions of Central and State Government such as Railways, National
Highways, Water ways, Aerodromes, etc., are exempted from KMBR/KPBR.

• Similarly, permits are not necessary for minor works such as providing and
removing windows, doors and ventilators for partition, painting, petty repairs,
etc., which do not otherwise violate provisions of KMBR/KPBR.

• The Rules also prescribe specific and separate norms for parking spaces, open
area, fire escape, ventilators, sanitation facilities, front and rear yards, etc., for
different type of buildings based on their occupancy.
Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ)

• Central Government has declared the coastal stenches up to its

territorial limit of our country excluding the islands of Andaman and
Nicobar and Lakshadweep as Coastal Regulation Zones (CRZS) as per
section 3 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 and imposed
restrictions on construction activities, setting up of industries, as per the
notification in 2011.

• Many activities are prohibited like expansion of any industry, operations

or processes and manufacture or handling or storage or disposal of
hazardous substances and some of them are regulated.
OBJECTIVES
• To ensure livelihood security to the fishing communities and other local
communities, living in the coastal areas.
• To conserve and protect coastal stretches, its unique environment and its
marine area.
• To promote sustainable development based on scientific principles taking
into account the dangers of natural hazards in the coastal areas, sea level
rise due to global warming.
CRZ shall be applicable in the following area
(i) The land area from High Tide Line (HTL) to 500 meters on the landward side along the
sea front.
(ii) The land area between HTL to 100 meters or width of the creek whichever is less on the
landward side along the tidal influenced water bodies that are connected to the sea up to a
distance based on salinity concentration of 5 parts per thousand (ppt) measured during the
driest period of the year which shall be determined by the Coastal Zone Management Plans
(CZMPs).
*tidal influenced water bodies means the water bodies influenced by tidal effects from sea,
in the bays, estuaries, rivers, creeks, backwaters, lagoons, ponds connected to the sea or
creeks.
(iii) The land area between HTL and Low Tide Line (LTL) which will be termed as the
intertidal zone

(iv)The water and the bed area between the LTL to the territorial water limit (12
Nm - Nautical Mile) in case of sea and the water and the bed area between LTL at
the bank to the LTL on the opposite side of the bank, of tidal influenced water
bodies.
CRZ-I
A. The areas that are ecologically sensitive and the geo morphological features which
play a role in the maintaining the integrity of the coast
a. Mangroves areas
b. Corals and coral reefs and associated biodiversity
c. Sand Dunes, Mudflats which are biologically active
d. National parks, marine parks, sanctuaries, reserve forests, wildlife habitats and other
protected areas.
e. Salt Marshes, Turtle and Horse shoe crabs habitats;
f. Sea grass beds, Nesting grounds of birds;
g. Areas or structures of archaeological importance and heritage sites.
CRZ-11

• The areas that have been developed up to or close to the shoreline.

• "developed area" is referred to as that area within the existing municipal

limits or in other existing legally designated urban areas which are
substantially built-up and has been provided with drainage and approach
roads and other infrastructural facilities such as water supply and
sewerage mains;
CRZ-111
Areas that are relatively undisturbed and those do not belong to either CRZ-1 or 11
which include coastal zone in the rural areas (developed and undeveloped) and also
areas within municipal limits or in other legally designated urban areas, which are not
substantially built up.
CRZ-IV

A. The water area from the Low Tide Line to twelve nautical miles on
the seaward side;

B. Shall include the water area of the tidal influenced water body from
the mouth of the water body at the sea up to the influence of tide
which is measured as five parts per thousand during the driest season
of the year.
Areas requiring special consideration

• CRZ area falling within municipal limits of Greater Mumbai

• The CRZ areas of Kerala including the backwaters and backwater islands;
• CRZ areas of Goa.
• Critically Vulnerable Coastal Areas (CVCA) such as Sunderbans region of
West Bengal and other ecologically sensitive areas identified as under
Environment (Protection) Act. 1986 and managed with the involvement
of coastal communities including fisher folk
General rules for selection of building plot as per NBC
1. Building should not be constructed on any plot where there is deposit of refuse,
excreta or other offensive matter.
2. Building should not be constructed on a plot, which consists of big pit/quarry.
3. Building should not be constructed on a plot liable to flood or on a slop forming
an angle of more than 45 degrees with horizontal.
4. Building construction or reconstruction in any area notified by the Government
of India as a coastal regulation zone is restricted.
5. Building should be constructed with a minimum clearance from the over head
electric supply line.
Exterior and Interior Open space around building:

Exterior Open space around building of height up to 10m is as follows

a) Building should have a front yard of minimum width 3m and side yard 1.5m.

b) If its two sides face a street, width shall be 3m average but not less than 1.8 m.

c) Building shall have a rear open space of average width 3m and should not be less
than 1.8m at any place.

d) For heights of buildings between 10 and 25m, the minimum open space shall be
increased at the rate of 1 m for every 3m increase in height above 10m.

e) For heights above 25m there shall be a minimum open space of 10m and for
heights above 30m, this shall be increased at the rate of 1 m for every 5m
increase in height and subject to a maximum of 16m.
VARIOUS BUILDING AREA TERMS
• Plinth Area: Area of the building at the plinth level, does not include the area of
open porch (not enclosed by wall) or uncovered staircase

• Plot Area: The area enclosed between plot boundaries

• Floor area ratio (FAR):
FAR = Total floor area of the floors / Plot area

• Coverage: It is the covered area of the building. Normally expressed as the

percentage of plot area.
The area of the plot commonly referred to as the Plot Area is the area which is
enclosed by the boundaries of the plot

The total area of the building in the area of the plot (plot area) is called the
built-up area.

Covered area is the maximum floor area of the building after excluding the
cantilevered open balconies, garden, compound wall, gates, uncovered
staircase etc.

Built up Area: The total area of the building in the area of the plot (plot area)

Carpet Area is the usable floor area excluding stair cases, lift wells, ducts,
toilets, electric and air conditions, plant rooms etc.

Floor Area Ratio (FAR) = Covered area of all floors in the building/ plot size.
For residential building permissible FAR is 3.0
 BUILDING CLASS COVERAGE FAR
RESIDENTIAL 65 3
EDUCATIONAL 35 2.5
INSTITUTIONAL 50 2.5
ASSEMBLY 40 1.5
BUISINESS 60 3
STORAGE 70 3
HAZARDOUS 45 1.2
MULTIPLEX 65 3
Minimum requirement of room spaces:

• The heights of all rooms for human habitation shall not be less than 2.75m from
surface of floor to lower part of ceiling or bottom of slabs, provided that the
minimum head room at any point in the room shall not be less than 2.4m.

• The size of a habitable building shall not be less than 9.5m² where there is only
one room. Where there are two habitable rooms one shall not be smaller than
9.5m² and the other not less than 7.5m².

• Minimum width of room shall not be less than 2.4m.

• The height of kitchen shall not be less than 2.75m and the area not less than 5.5
If the kitchen is used as a dining cum kitchen, area shall not be less than 9.5 m².
with a minimum width of 1.8m. Where there is a separate store 4.5m² kitchen
area is enough.
• Every habitation room shall be furnished with sufficient number of openings such as
windows, ventilations and air holes to provide sufficient light and air circulation.

• In case of kitchen in addition to ventilation and lighting, provision should be

provided for the escape of smoke and heated air.

• Height of bath room or water closet (w.c) shall not be less than 2.2m. Size of bath
room shall not be less than 1.5m x 1.2m or 1.8m². For combined bath room and w.c.
area should not be less than 2.8m². Minimum area for w.c. is 1.1m²
SITE PLAN
• The detailed sketch of the plot with the sketch of proposed building and
necessary surrounding data is called a site plan.
• Site plan should be drawn to a scale not less than 1:1000 showing the following
details:
(1)Boundaries of the plot with revenue survey details.
(2)Location of the plot in relation to the main street and its access
(3)All the existing structure immediately outside the plot with details of access, set
back etc.
(4)North direction should be marked in the site plan.
(5)Lay out of the proposed building and topographic contours to be marked in the
site plan.
COMPUTATION OF PLINTH AREA AND FLOOR AREA