A pathogen is defined as a disease causing organism.

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Mechanical barriers
Mechanical barriers acta s a physical
obstruction in order to prevent
pathogens from entering our body .
For example :
skin
Nose hairs
Chemical barriers
Chemical barriers are chemical substances in the body which help to trap or destroy
pathogens.
For examples :
Mucus
Traps Bacteria that enters the respiratory system via air. The mucus is then beat upwards
by the cilia and pushed up to the mouth.
Stomach acid
The acidity kills pathogens that enter our digestive system via the food we eat .
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Polio, or poliomyelitis, is a disabling and life-threatening
disease caused by the poliovirus

A virus that may cause paralysis and is easily preventable

by the polio vaccine.
Polio is transmitted through contaminated water or food,
or contact with an infected person.
Many people who are infected with the poliovirus don't
become sick and have no symptoms. However, those who
do become ill develop paralysis, which can sometimes be
fatal.
Treatment includes bed rest, pain relievers and portable
ventilators.
Cholera
•Cholera is a disease that affects the digestive system. It is caused by the bacterium Vibrio
cholerae.
•Cholera causes severe diarrhea. The bacterium produces a toxin that causes movement of
chloride ions into the small intestine and thus, water follows due to osmosis. This leads to
diarrhea, dehydration and loss of salts from the blood. It can be treated by rehydration
therapy.
•Cholera is transmitted through contaminated water. Hence, it is a common disease where
water isn’t treated and purified.

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Active immunity can be acquired
through natural immunity or
vaccine-induced immunity.

•Natural immunity is acquired

from exposure to the disease
organism through infection with
the actual disease.
•Vaccine-induced immunity is
acquired through the introduction
of a killed or weakened form of the
disease organism through
vaccination.
T cells can wipe out infected or cancerous cells. They also direct the immune
response by helping B lymphocytes to eliminate invading pathogens.
B cells create antibodies. B lymphocytes, also called B cells, create a type of protein
called an antibody.
Passive Immunity
Passive immunity is provided when a person is given antibodies to a
disease rather than producing them through his or her own immune
system.

•A newborn baby acquires passive immunity

from its mother through the placenta.
•People can also get passive immunity through
antibody-containing blood products such
as immune globulin, which may be given when
immediate protection from a specific disease is
needed.
The major advantage to passive immunity is that
protection is immediate, whereas active
immunity takes time (usually several weeks) to
develop. However, passive immunity lasts only
for a few weeks or months. Only active immunity
is long-lasting.
 Autoimmune disease

The autoimmune disease is a condition in which your immune system attacks your body.
The immune system usually guards against bacteria and viruses. When it senses these
foreign invaders, it sends out an army of fighter cells to attack them.
Usually, the immune system can tell the difference between foreign cells and your own
cells.
In an autoimmune disease, the immune system mistakes part of your body, like your joints
or skin, as foreign. It releases proteins called autoantibodies that attack healthy cells.

BOTTOM LINE: Researchers don’t know exactly what causes

autoimmune diseases. Genetics, diet, infections, and exposure
to chemicals might be involved.
 Autoimmune disease symptoms
The early symptoms of many autoimmune diseases are very similar, such as:
•fatigue
•achy muscles
•swelling and redness
•Low grade fever
•trouble concentrating
•numbness and tingling in the hands and feet
•hair loss
•skin rashes
Type 1 diabetes
The pancreas produces the hormone insulin, which helps regulate blood sugar levels. In
type 1 diabetes mellitus, the immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing cells in the
pancreas.
High blood sugar results can damage the blood vessels and organs, including the heart, kidneys, eyes,
and nerves.
2. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the immune system attacks the joints. This attack causes redness, warmth,
soreness, and stiffness in the joints.
Unlike osteoarthritis, which commonly affects people as they get older, RA can start as early as your
30s or sooner.
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