Electronic Laboratories (2)

Filters
Experiments
Overview
Experiment 1:
Basic AC Sweep Configuration
Experiment 2:
The Transient Response of RC Circuits
Experiment 3:
First-Order Low-pass filter
Experiment 4:
Active First-Order and Second-Order Low-pass filter
Experiment 1
Function
Oscilloscope
Generator
output SYNC CH1 CH2

1. Construct the above configuration and apply the following conditions

to F.G. and Osc.
 F.G.
 Sine, f=any frequency, 2V pp
 Sweep: scale=log, fstart=100 Hz, fstop=1 MHz, Tsweep=0.1s, marker=off
 Osc.
 Trigger Source=CH1, select proper trigger level by yourself
 Select appropriate vertical and horizontal scale for both channel

2. Record both channel’s waveform.

3. Turn on “Maker” and set its value to 1k, 10k, 100k, 1M Hz. Record
every waveform.
Experiment 2

Low-Pass Filter

1. Construct the Low-Pass Filter.

2. Set the following conditions to F.G. and Osc.
F.G.: sine, f=100Hz, Vpp=10V
Osc.: x-axis=10ms/ ,y-axis=1V/ (you can adjust
as you wish)
3. Use “Single” trigger to get transient waveform.
Experiment 3

Low-Pass Filter

1. Construct the Low-Pass Filter.

2. Sweep different frequency manually to draw Bode
magnitude plot and Bode phase plot on semilog grid
paper. Please record each gain and phase.
 F.G.: sine, Vpp=10V
f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 f6 f7 f8
Target Freq.
50 100 500 1.53k 3.18k 5.5k 10.2k 31.7k
(Hz)

3. Use AC Sweep to get output waveform.

AC SWEEP
1. Push sine button
2. vpp=1V or proper value without any distortion
Function
3. Push Sweep button Generator Oscilloscope
 sweep type: log output SYNC CH1 CH2

 start freq: 100Hz

 stop freq: 1 M Hz Your
 sweep time: 100 m s circuits
input output
 Marker: off

4. SYNC(F.G.) connects to CH1(Osc.)

5. Output(F.G.) connects to Circuit Input
6. Circuit Output connects to CH2(Osc.)
7. Use CH1 as trigger source
8. Try to stable the waveform by appropriate trigger
Rising Edge → start frequency Falling Edge → marker frequency

Sweep time
OP741 Pinout
(single op-amp inside)

Construct
Op-amp power supply connection

-15 V +15 V

741
pin 7
pin 4
Experiment 4 Polarity!

1st-order LPF 2nd-order LPF

1. Construct the active 1st-order and 2nd-order LPF respectively
and use AC Sweep to find their 3dB frequency, f3dB. NOTICE:
DIFFERENT POLARITY
2. Apply the an AM signal and record v-t graph and FFT result
for both input and output.
sine: f=200 Hz, vpp=1V
Mod: f=20k Hz, depth=100%, shape=sine
Experiment 4
FFT Function(Agilent)
1. Output(F.G.) connects to Circuit Input & CH1(Osc.)
2. Circuit Output connects to CH2(Osc.)
3. Push Math button
 Function: f(t)
 Operator: FFT
 Source: CH1; vi; before filter / CH2; vo; after filter
 Span: 50k Hz
 Center: 10k Hz
 More FFT
 Window: Hanning
 Vertical Units: Decibels

4. Use “cursor” to measure magnitude & frequency

Experiment 4
FFT Function (Rigol 1000 series)
1. Output(F.G.) connects to Circuit Input & CH1(Osc.)
2. Circuit Output connects to CH2(Osc.)
3. Push Math button
 Operator: FFT
 Source: CH1; vi; before filter / CH2; vo; after filter
 Center: 10k Hz
 Hz/Div: 5kHz
 PageDown
 Scale:20dBV
 Window: Hanning
 View: Full

4. Use “cursor” to measure magnitude & frequency

Experiment 4
 FFT Function (Rigol 1000 series)
1. Output(F.G.) connects to Circuit Input & CH1(Osc.)
2. Circuit Output connects to CH2(Osc.)
3. Push Math button
 Math
 Operator: FFT
 Display: On
 Source: CH1; vi; before filter / CH2; vo; after filter
 Center: 10k Hz
 Hz/Div:5kHz
 PageDown
 Scale:20dBV
 Window: Hanning
 View: Full

4. Use “cursor” to measure magnitude & frequency

 Experiment 4
FFT Function (AD2)
1. Output(F.G.) connects to Circuit Input &
CH1(1+)
2. Circuit Output connects to CH2(2+)
3. Push FFT tag
 Source: CH1: vi , before filter / CH2: vo , after filter
 Start/End (Span/Center): choose appropriate value
4. Press “X” and “Y” to add cursors and
measure magnitude & frequency
 Experiment 4
FFT Function (AD2)
conti.
FFT Function Explanation
FFT 量測
FFT 用於使用類比輸入通道或算術運算 g(t) 來計
算快速傅立葉轉換。 FFT 可取得指定來源的數位化
時間記錄，並將記錄轉換至頻域。選取 FFT 函數時，
示波器顯示畫面上將以幅度 ( 以 dBV 為單位 )
對頻率的形式顯示 FFT 頻譜。水平軸的讀值會從時
間變為頻率 ( 赫茲 ) ，而垂直讀值則會從伏特變為
dB 。
使用 FFT 函數可以尋找串擾問題，尋找類比波形
中由放大器非線性度或 調整類比濾波器所引起的失
真問題。
FFT Function Explanation
 依次按下 [Math] ( 數學運算 ) 按鍵、函數軟鍵並選取 f(t) ，然後按下算子
軟鍵並選取 FFT 。

 源 1 - 選取 FFT 的來源。
 頻距 - 設定在顯示畫面上看到 ( 由左到右 ) 的 FFT 頻譜的總寬度。將
頻距除以 10 可計算每格的頻率。「頻距」的設定可能超過最大可用頻率，
在此情況下，顯示的頻譜不會佈滿整個畫面。按下頻距軟鍵，然後轉動輸入
旋鈕可以設定所需的顯示頻率範圍。
 中心頻率 - 設定在顯示畫面的中央垂直格線處呈現的 FFT 頻譜頻率。
「中心頻率」的設定值有可能低於頻距的一半或超過最大可用頻率，在此情
況下，顯示的頻譜不會佈滿整個畫面。按下中心頻率軟鍵，然後轉動輸入旋
鈕可以設定所需的顯示中心頻率。
 刻度 - 可讓您設定自己的以 dB/div ( 分貝 / 格 ) 所表示 FFT 的垂直方
向刻度係數。
 偏移 - 可讓您設定自己的 FFT 偏移。偏移值以 dB 為單位，並由顯示畫
面的中央水平格線表示。
FFT Function Explanation
 按下更多 FFT 軟鍵可以顯示其他 FFT 設定。

 窗函數 - 選取套用至 FFT 輸入信號的窗函數：

Hanning - 用於進行準確頻率量測或分辨兩個相近頻率的窗
函數。
平頂 - 用於準確量測頻率峰值之幅度的視窗。
矩形 - 具有良好的頻率解析度和幅度準確性，但是僅用於
沒有洩漏效應的情況。用於自我修整式的波形，例如虛擬隨
機雜訊、脈波、正弦突波以及衰減的正弦曲線。
Blackman Harris - 此窗函數與矩形窗函數相較，時間解析度
較低，但是由於次瓣較低，因此提高了偵測較小脈波的能力。
 垂直單位 - 讓您選取 「分貝」或 「 V RMS 」作為
FFT 垂直刻度的單位。
AM; Amplitude Modulation
 In amplitude modulation, the amplitude or "strength" of the
carrier oscillations is what is varied. For example, in AM radio
communication, a continuous wave radio-frequency signal (a
sinusoidal carrier wave) has its amplitude modulated by an
audio waveform before transmission. The audio waveform
modifies the amplitude of the carrier wave and determines
the envelope of the waveform. In the frequency domain,
amplitude modulation produces a signal with power
concentrated at the carrier frequency and two adjacent
sidebands. Each sideband is equal in bandwidth to that of the
modulating signal, and is a mirror image of the other.
 Standard AM is also called "double-sideband amplitude
modulation" (DSB-AM) to distinguish it from more
sophisticated modulation methods also based on AM.
 How to Analyze AM signal
VAM(t)
= AAM sin2π fAM t
= (Ac+ Am sin2πfm t )sin2πfc t
= Ac sin2πfct + Am sin2πfm t sin2πfc t
= Ac sin2πfct + 0.5Am [cos2π(fm-fc) t - cos2π(fm+fc) t]
= Ac sin2πfct + 0.5(Am/Ac) Ac[cos2π(f
Lowerm-f c) t - cos2π(f
Sideband m+f
Upper c) t]
Sideband

If AM depth(Am/Ac) = 50%

VAM(t)= Ac cos2πfct + 0.25Ac [cos2π(fm-fc) t - cos2π(fm+fc) t]

Hint: FFT Math function in X-axis

Carrier: 0.2 k Hz
Hint: FFT Math function in X-axis

Upper Sideband: 20 + 0.2 k Hz

Lower Sideband: 20 – 0.2 k Hz
Hint: FFT Math function in Y-axis

Before filter, the sideband is 0.25 times

the magnitude of the carrier

◎ 20*log(0.25) = -12.042 dB
Hint: FFT Math function in Y-axis

After filter, the sideband is reduced to -32.5dB.

Hint : FFT Windows
non-integer number of cycles

spectral leakage
http://electronicdesign.com/analog/choose-right-fft-window-function-when-
evaluating-precision-adcs
Hint : FFT Windows

http://electronicdesign.com/analog/choose-right-fft-window-function-when-
evaluating-precision-adcs