CHAPTER 2:

DC EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT &

NETWORK THEOREMS

Courtesy :Mdm Nur Shahilla binti Abd Rahim

Course Learning Outcome

 Upon completion of this course, students should be able

to:-
 CLO1: Apply the concepts and principles of the re-
lated electrical circuit theorems and law to solve DC
electrical circuit using various method and approach.
(C3, PLO1)
 2.1 Kirchhoff’s Law
Contents
2.2 Nodal Analysis

2.3 Mesh Analysis

2.4 Thevenin’s Theorem

2.5 Norton’s Theorem

Kirchhoff’s Law
 Kirchhoff’s Current Law
 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
2.1 Kirchhoff’s Law
 German physicist who contributed to the
fund of electrical circuits, spectroscopy and
the emission of black-body radiation by
heated object.
Gustav Robert Kirchhoff  He stated two basic laws in 1847
(1824-1887) concerning the relationship between the
current and voltages in an electrical
network.
 Kirchhoff’s law, along with Ohm’s law,
form a basis of circuit theory.
 Kirchhoff’s Law

However, when it is coupled

Ohm’s Law by itself is not with Kirchhoff’s two laws, we
01 sufficient to analyze circuits. 02 have sufficient, powerful set of
tools for analyzing a large variety
of electric circuits.

Kirchhoff’s laws were first These law formerly known as

introduced in 1847 by the
03 German physicist Gustav 04 Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
and Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
Robert Kirchhoff (1824-1887). (KVL).
Cont...  KCL states at any junction in an electric circuit, the total currents entering
the node is equal to the total currents leaving the node.

Kirchhoff’s
Current Law
(KCL)
Figure 2.1
 Referring to Figure 2.1, the three currents entering the node I 1, I2, I3 and
the two currents leaving the node, I4 and I5 .

 Mathematically, KCL implies; ∑ ∑

 Example 1
Question:
Calculate the current value of I1, I2 and I3 at nodes X, Y and Z in Figure 2.2
below.

Figure 2.2
 Solution 1
Answer:
Cont...  KVL states that the algebraic sum of the voltages across any set of branches
in a closed loop is zero.

KVL equation:
Kirchhoff’s KVL implies;

Voltage Law
(KVL)
Figure 2.3
 Referring to Figure 2.3, note that a current direction have been assumed.The
assumed current creates a voltage across each resistor and fixes the position
of the “+” and “-” signs so that the passive sign convention is obeyed.
 Example 2
Question:
Referring to Figure 2.4 below, find the value of VR3.

Figure 2.4
 Solution 2
Answer:

Current
direction
SUMMARY
EXERCISE 7:
Question:

1. Write the equation of Kirchhoff’s Current Law for the circuit shown in
Figure 2.5.

Figure 2.5

2. Determine the current through R2 in Figure 2.6.

Figure 2.6
Cont...
Question:

3. Use Kirchhoff’s current law to find

the current measured by ammeters
A3 and A5 in Figure 2.7. Figure 2.7

4. Write KVL equation for the circuit

in Figure 2.8.

Figure 2.8
Cont...
Question:

5. Determine the unknown voltage

drop, V3 in Figure 2.9.
Figure 2.9

6. Find the value of R4 in Figure 2.10.

Figure 2.10
2.2 Nodal Analysis
 Having understood the fundamental of Ohm’s Law and Kirchhoff's Law, we
are now prepared to apply these law to develop two powerful tech-
niques for circuit analysis:
 Nodal Analysis: applies Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
 Mesh Analysis: applies Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
 Any linear circuit can be analyze by obtaining a set of simultaneous
equations that are then solved to obtain the required values of current and
voltage.
 One method of solving simultaneous equations involves Cramer’s Rule.
 Different between Nodal and Mesh analysis:
 In Nodal Analysis, we observing the voltage at a certain point (applies KCL.
 In Mesh Analysis, we using the values of the current within a certain part of a
circuit (applies KVL).
Cont...
• Introduction: Nodal analysis provides a general procedure
for analyzing circuit using node voltages as the circuit
variables.
• Definition: Nodal analysis is a method of determining the
voltage (potential difference) between “nodes" (points
where elements or branches connect) in an electrical
circuit in terms of the branch currents.
• Aim: To determine the voltage at each node relative to
the reference node (or gnd)
Cont...
Procedures :
STEP 5

Assign current STEP 4

Determine the and its direction Determine
number of to each distinct STEP 3 the current
common node branch of the Solve the through each
and reference network. equations for branch.
node within Apply KCL for the nodal
the network. current flows voltages.
STEP 2 at each node.

STEP 1
 Example 3
Question:
Referring to figure 2.5 below, find the current and flowing into
the circuit. 𝐼 𝐼
1 2

Figure 2.5
 Solution 3
Answer:

STEP 1: Determine common node STEP 3: Apply KCL for current flows at
and reference node. each node.
STEP 2: Assign current and its ∑∑
direction. 𝐼 𝑉 𝐼
1 𝑎 2

𝐼3

𝐶
Cont...
STEP 4: Solve the equation for STEP 5: Determine the current through
nodal voltage. each branch.
2.3 Mesh Analysis
 Introduction: Mesh analysis provides another gen-
eral procedure for analyzing circuits, using mesh
current as the circuit variables.
 Definition: Mesh is a loop which does not contain
any other loops within it.
 Aim: To determine the unknown mesh current.
Cont...
Procedures :

STEP 4

Assign a STEP 3
distinct current Solve the
Identify the loop. resulting system
number of of linear
Apply KVL
basic meshes. equation using
around each
STEP 2 loop. Cramer’s Rule

STEP 1
 Example 4
Question:
Referring to figure 2.6 below, find the current and flowing into
the circuit.

𝐼1 𝐼2

Figure 2.6
 Solution 4
Answer:

𝐼1 𝐼2
STEP 1: Identify the number basic 𝐼3
meshes.
STEP 2: Assign a distinct current 𝐼1 𝐼2
loop.
 Solution 4
𝐼1 𝐼2
Answer:
𝐼3
STEP 3: Apply KVL around each loop.
𝐼1 𝐼2
KVL states  ∑
 Answer: Solution 4
STEP 4: Solve the equation
using:Cramer’s Rule. 2x2 Cramer’s Rule:
)
50 𝐼 1 − 40 𝐼 2=10 −− −(1) …………..(2)
− 40 𝐼 1 +60 𝐼 2=− 2 0 −−−(2) ;;
;

[ 50
− 40
− 40
60 ][ ] [ ]
𝐼1
𝐼2
=
10
− 10

∆= [ 50
− 40 60 ]
− 40
=( 50 × 60 ) ( ( − 40 ) × ( − 40 ) ) =1400

[
∆ 𝐼 1= 1 0
−1 0 60 ]
− 40 =( 1 0 ×6 0 ) ( − 40 ) × (− 1 0 ) =200
( )

∆ 𝐼 2=
[
50
−40
10
−20 ]
=( 5 0 ×(− 2 0) ) ( 1 0 × ( − 4 0 ) ) =−600
EXERCISE 8:
1. Find the current Ix flowing through R3 in 2. Find I1, I2 and I3 in Figure 2.8 using Nodal
Figure 2.7 below by using Nodal and and mesh analysis.
Mesh analysis.
Ix

Figure 2.7 Figure 2.8

Cont...
3. Referring to Figure 2.9, find the current 4. Referring to Figure 2.10, find the current
flowing through R=3kΩ using Mesh flowing through R=30Ω using Nodal
analysis. analysis.

Figure 2.9
Figure 2.10
2.4 Thevenin’s Theorem
 Introduction: Thevenin’s theorem provides a method for simplifying a circuit to
a standard equivalent form. In many cases, this theorem can be used to simplify
the analysis of series-parallel circuit.
 Definition: Thevenin’s Theorem states that any linear circuit containing several
energy source and resistances can be replaced by just a Single Voltage in series
with Single Resistor.

Figure 2.11: Thevenin’s Equivalent Circuit

Cont...

 Aim: To determine the RTH and VTH.

 The Thevenin equivalent voltage (VTH) is the open circuit (no-load) voltage
between two specified output terminals in a circuit.

 The Thevenin equivalent resistor (RTH) is the total resistance appearing

between two specified output terminals in a circuit with all sources replace
by their internal resistance.
Cont...
Procedures :

Find RTH (short

circuit the voltage STEP 4
sources or open
circuit the current STEP 3
sources and RL is Find load
open circuit). current IL that
Open circuit RL Draw the flows through RL
and find VTH. Thevenin’s
STEP 2 equivalent
circuit.
STEP 1
 Example 5
Question:
Referring to Figure 2.11 below, find the current flowing through
terminal A-B using Thevenin’s Theorem.

B
Figure 2.11
 Solution 5
Answer:

STEP 1: Open circuit R3 and find VTH.

VTH

7
V
Cont...
STEP 2: Short circuit voltage source to STEP 3: Draw the Thevenin’s equivalent
find RTH. circuit. R TH

6.667
VTH 40
RTH 20v

STEP 4: Find load current, IL that flows through

terminal A-B.

2.5 Thevenin’s Theorem
 Introduction: In some ways Norton’s Theorem can be thought of as the opposite
to “Thevenin’s Theorem”, in that Thevenin reduces his circuit down to a single
resistance in series with a single voltage. Norton on the other hand reduces
his circuit down to a single resistance in parallel with a constant current source.
 Definition: : Norton’s Theorem states that any linear circuit containing several
energy sources and resistances can be replaced by a single Constant Current
Generator in parallel with a Single Resistor.

Figure 2.12:
Norton’s Equiva-
lent Circuit
Cont...

 Aim: To determine the IN and RN.

 From source transformation, the Thevenin and Norton resistances are equal;

 IN is the short circuit current between two specified output terminals in a circuit.

 From the relationship between Norton and Thevenin theorems;

Cont...
Procedures :

Find RN by
STEP 4
short-circuits
voltage source
Remove RL or open circuit STEP 3
from the circuit for current Find IL.
and find IN by source.
shorting links Draw Norton’s
output terminal. equivalent
STEP 2 circuit.

STEP 1
 Example 6
Question:
Referring to Figure 2.12 below, find the current flowing through
terminal A-B using Norton’s Theorem.

B
Figure 2.12
Solution 6 IN’  V1 – ON, V2 - SHORT

Answer:
IN’
STEP 1: Remove R3 from the circuit
and find IN by shorting links output
terminal.
IN’’  V1 – ON, V2 – SHORT

IN IN’’

 IN = IN’ + IN’’ = 1A + 1A = 2A
Cont... STEP 3: Draw Norton’s equivalent circuit
STEP 2: Find RN by short-circuits A
voltage source or open circuit for IA-B
current source. IN
RN 6.667Ω R3 40Ω
2A

B
RN
STEP 4: Find IA-B using CDR formula

* note that RN = RTH.

EXERCISE 9:
1. Calculate the current flow through RL in 2. Referring to Figure 2.14, find the value of
Figure 2.13 using Thevenin’s Theorem. Ix using and Norton’s Theorem.

Figure 2.13 Figure 2.14

Cont...
3. Calculate Vth, Rth and current through load 4. By using Norton’s Theorem, find the cur-
resistor RL as shown in Figure 2.15. rent flow through R2 for the circuit in Fig-
ure 2.16.

Figure 2.15 Figure 2.16

2.6 Thevenin-Norton Equivalent Circuit

RTH

VTH IN RN

RTH=RN
𝑉 𝑇𝐻 =𝐼 𝑁 × 𝑅 𝑁 𝑉 𝑇𝐻
𝐼𝑁=
𝑅 𝑇𝐻
 Example 7 Solution 7
Question: STEP 1: Short circuit terminal AB and find IN.
Convert the Thevenin circuit
in Figure 2.17 below to an
equivalent Norton network. IN

R
2Ω
V
10V STEP 2: Draw the new equivalent Norton circuit.

Figure 2.17
 Example 8 Solution 8
Question: STEP 1: Short circuit terminal AB and find VTH.
Convert the Thevenin circuit
in Figure 2.18 below to an 𝑉 𝑇𝐻 =𝐼 𝑁 × 𝑅 𝑁
equivalent Norton network. 𝑉 𝑇𝐻 =5 ×2=10 V

STEP 2: Draw the new equivalent Thevenin circuit.

Figure 2.18
Thank you