University of Technology

Electromechanical Engineering
Department

English Language
first year
Dr. Ahlam Luaibi
Part of Speech In English Language
Eight Parts of Speech
• Noun
• Pronoun
• Verb
• Adjective
• Adverb
• Conjunction
• Preposition
• Interjection
 NOUNS

• A noun is a person, place, thing, or idea.

• Nouns are the subject of a sentence.
Examples
• The girl in the red coat is named Lisa. (Person, thing, specific person)
• The principal works at Smithfield Elementary School. (Person, specific
place)
• I believe in freedom for all people. (Idea naming a “thing” in which I
believe, plural person)
 Types of Nouns

• Proper Noun- A noun that names a specific person,

place or thing
• Common Noun- A noun that does not name a
specific person, place or thing.
 Proper Nouns

proper nouns always start with a capital letter and

refers to specific names of persons, places, or
things.

• Example:-
West Middle School is a great place to learn.
 Common Nouns

common nouns are the opposite of proper nouns.

These are just generic names of persons, things,
or places.
Example:-
• We celebrated my birthday with a great, big, chocolate cake.
 Pronoun

• A pronoun is a part of a speech which functions as a

replacement for a noun. Some examples of pronouns
are: I, it, he, she, mine, his, hers, we, they,
theirs, and ours.
• A pronoun is word that takes the place of a noun.
Instead of saying “Erin likes to eat”, you could say,
“She likes to eat.”
Types of Pronouns
1. Personal Pronouns: Personal pronouns are used for
• The first person (the speaker
• The second person (the person spoken to - you).
• We use he, she, it and they to refer to other people and things (third
person) when it is clear from the context what we are referring to.
Example - Hina isn’t coming with us. She has to finish homework.
Like nouns, pronouns can function as subjects as well as objects
Types of Pronouns
2. possessive Pronouns. As the name implies, it marks possession of a
personal pronoun. The possessive case can further be divided into two as
follows:
• Possessive determiners: They function grammatically like adjectives,
modifying a noun or nouns. However, they cannot function as nouns in a
sentence.
Example - My father’s house is being sold off. (My modifies father to show
his relation to the speaker.)
• Possessive Pronouns: They are personal pronouns in the possessive case
which have the grammatical function of nouns. Example - Those shoes
are mine.
Types of Pronouns
3. Reflexive and Emphatic Pronouns
We use a reflexive pronoun as object of the verb when it refers to the
same thing as the subject. Reflexive pronouns are formed by adding “-
self” (singular) or “-selves” (plural) to the end of my, your, our, him, her,
it or them (as well as the indefinite pronoun one).
Example –
I treated myself with a cookie. She imagined herself as the heroine of
the movie. They introduced themselves to the captain of the team.
Types of Pronouns
4. Demonstrative Pronouns
They are used to indicate specific people or things and signify whether
they are singular/plural and whether they are close or far from the
speaker. Some of the demonstrative pronouns are this, that, these and
those. Consider the following
Examples: This is my pen. (Singular + close by)
Fetch me that. (Singular + not close)
Types of Pronouns
5. Indefinite Pronouns
The Indefinite Pronoun is used in place of a noun that is not being
specified in the sentence. They are used depending upon whether the
nouns being represented are person or thing and whether the noun is
singular or plural. Some of the indefinite pronouns are any, somebody,
none, whatever, all & many
Types of Pronouns
6. Distributive Pronouns
They are the pronouns in which members of a group are considered
separately, rather than collectively. Some of the distributive pronouns
are each, every, neither, etc.
Example - Each ate his own apple. (Pronoun) Each boy ate his own
apple. (Determiner)
Types of Pronouns
7. Reciprocal Pronouns
These pronouns are used when two or more people act as the subject
of a verb and both individually and equally receive the verb’s action.
Some of the reciprocal pronouns are each other, one another, etc.
Example - Mary and I love each other.
8. Relative Pronouns
These are used to connect relative clauses (or adjective clauses) to the
main clause in a sentence. Some of the relative pronouns are who,
which, what, whose, etc. Example - There’s the man who extorted
money from me.
Types of Pronouns
9. Interrogative Pronouns
The Interrogative Pronouns are used to ask questions.
There are only five of these which are Who, whose,
whom, which & what. Example - Who is your class
teacher?
 Adjective

An adjective is a word that describes a noun or pronoun. It tells what

kind, how many, or which one.
Types of adjective
1. Adjectives of Quality:
They describe the kind, quality or characteristic of a noun or a pronoun
they are referring to.
Examples: • Parth is clever. • Jigisha is a voracious reader. • Mitali’s
gestures are amazing.
Types of Adjective
2. Adjectives of Quantity
They indicate how much of a thing is meant in indefinite terms, or it
answers the question How much? These adjectives are mostly used
with uncountable nouns. Some of these adjectives are many, much,
some, little, great, any, enough, etc.
Examples: • Can I have some water? • I had enough rest for the day.
3. Adjectives of Number: They indicate how many people or things are
meant and it answers the question How many? It can also demonstrate
a noun’s position or place in a certain order. Adjectives of number are
used with countable nouns.
 Order of Adjectives as Part of Speech
1.Determiner - An article (a, an, the), a number or amount, a possessive adjective
(my, his, her, its, your, our, their), or a demonstrative (this, that, these, those).
2. Opinion - good, bad, strange, lovely
3. Size - big, small, tiny, huge
4. Shape - curved, straight, round, square
5. Quality - wet, dry, clean, sad, happy
6. Age - old, young, new, ancient
7. Color - red, yellowish, transparent, blue
8. Pattern - checked, striped, plaid, flowered
9. Origin - American, British, eastern, western
10. Material - wooden, plastic, steel, cloth
11. Type - human, chemical, domestic, electronic, money (problems), etc.
12. Purpose - sleeping, shopping, work, gardening
 Adverb

• It is a word used to modify a verb, an adjective,

another adverb or an entire clause.
Examples: Anita walks slowly. Divya talks softly. Bharti
ran away very quickly. (Adverb phrase modifies the
verb ran) The toolkit has been kept in the garage.
(Adverbial prepositional phrase modifies the verb kept)
Types of Adverbs
1. Adverb of Time
It describes when for how long something happens and
answers the question ‘when’ through words like soon,
early, late, now, before, still, yet, later, tomorrow, etc. In an
interrogative sense, when and how long function as the
adverb of time.
Examples: The show will resume soon. We are preparing
for dinner now. How long had you been hiding in the
bushes? When did you arrive?
Types of Adverbs
2. Adverb of Place
Describes the direction, distance, movement, or position
involved in the action of a verb and thus answers the question
‘where’ through the words like here, there, everywhere,
north, south, forward, downward, behind, etc. In an
interrogative sense, where functions as adverb of place.
Examples: The boat was moving downstream. Where are you
going? They say that God is present everywhere.
Types of Adverbs
3. Adverb of Manner
It describes how something happens or someone does
something. It actually answers the question ‘how’ or in
‘what manner’ through words like beautifully,
wonderfully, smartly, badly, bravely, etc. In an
interrogative sense, how functions as adverb of
manner. Usually, the adverb of manners are formed
from adjectives
Types of Adverbs
4. Adverb of Degree or Quantity
It describes the degree or extent of the verb, adjective, or adverb they
are modifying. It answers the question ‘how far’ through words like
very, quite, almost, fairly, truly, pretty, somewhat, etc. In an
interrogative sense, how far and how much function as adverb of
degree or quantity.
Examples: You are pretty close to the correct answer. How far do you
think they can go with this attitude? It took us quite a long time to
reach the destination.
Types of Adverbs
5. Adverb of Frequency (or Number)
It describes how frequently or how often something
happens. Words like always usually, twice, firstly, daily,
monthly, etc. are adverbs of frequency.
Examples: Twice did I land up in jail. Preeti rarely skips
her meals. I am usually awake by 7 o’ clock in the
morning
 Verb

Verbs are words that express action or state of being. There are three
types of verbs: action verbs, linking verbs, and helping verbs.
Action Verbs
Action verbs are words that express action (give, eat, walk, etc.) or
possession (have, own, etc.).
Linking Verbs
A linking verb connects the subject of a sentence to a noun or adjective
that renames or describes the subject. This noun or adjective is called
the subject complement.
 Verb

Helping Verbs
Helping verbs are used before action or linking verbs to convey
additional information regarding aspects of possibility (can, could, etc.)
or time (was, did, has, etc.). The main verb with its accompanying
helping verb is called a verb phrase.
EXAMPLES:
Teju is (helping verb) going (main verb) to Florida.
The trip might (helping verb) be (main verb) dangerous.
 Preposition

A preposition is a word placed before a noun or a

pronoun to indicate some relation between the noun
or pronoun and some other word. The noun or
pronoun that is connected by the preposition is known
as the object of the preposition. Some common
prepositions are in, on, for, to, of, with, and about, etc.
Example: The notebook is kept on the table. (‘The
table’ is the object of the preposition ‘on’.)
Categories of Prepositions as Part of Speech
Prepositions can broadly be divided into the following categories:
1. Simple Prepositions (1) Preposition of Time- at, in, on, for, during,
since, by, until, before, after, to, past, etc.
Examples:
• I go to my school at 7:30 a.m. every day. (Indicates a definite point of
time.)
• I play football in the evening. (Denotes a specific time, period,
month, and year; however, ‘at noon’ is an exception.)
• He got admitted on the 9th of June. (Used with days and dates.)
• We will have tea break by 4 p.m. (refers to the latest time by which
an action will be over.)
 Categories of Prepositions as Part of Speech
2. Preposition of Place- at, in, on, by/near/close to, next
to/beside, between, behind, in front of, above/over,
below/under, among, amongst, etc.
Examples:
• Sheela lives at the Chinese restaurant. (Refers to an exact
point.)
• Sheela lives in (Refers to a big area.)
• The competition was between the Saroj and Prajakta. (Used
for two people or things.)
Categories of Prepositions as Part of Speech
3. Preposition of Direction or Movement- to, from, over, under, along,
around, across, through, into, out of, toward(s), away from, onto, off,
up, down, etc.
Examples:
• I go to the gym every morning. (Used to indicate movement from one
place to another.)
• The predator moved towards the prey. (Points out at a particular
direction.)
• The doctored entered into the operation theatre. (Indicate a
movement inside something.)
Categories of Prepositions as Part of Speech
4. Preposition of instrument or device- by, with, by means of,
etc. Examples:
• A long journey by bus is quite exhausting.
• I write with a pen.
5. Preposition of Reason or Purpose- for, though, because of,
on account of, from, etc.
Examples:
• I couldn’t reach on time because of the rain.
• I have bought the stationery for the project work.
 Conjunction

Conjunctions are used to link different clauses

together, and to join words, phrases and
sentences. By using conjunctions, we can make
complex sentences that show a connection
between actions and ideas. Examples: and, but,
so, although, or, etc.
 Types of Conjunctions as Part of Speech
1. Coordinating Conjunctions:
Coordinating conjunctions join words, phrases, and independent clauses of
equal grammatical rank in a sentence. These include and, but, or, yet, for, so,
nor, etc.
Examples:
Are you an atheist or an agnostic? (‘Or’ joins individual words.)
• I will have a mango and a banana. (‘And’ joins individual words.)
• I like the actor’s performance on stage but dislike his movies. (‘But’ joins two
phrases.)
• Maya has been appreciated for both her spontaneity and the ability to tackle
tough situations. (‘And’ joins two phrases.)
Types of Conjunctions as Part of Speech
2. Subordinating Conjunctions:
Subordinating conjunctions join independent and dependent clauses.
Some of these are because, since, as, although, though, while, in spite
of, whereas, etc. Often a subordinating conjunction indicates a cause-
and-effect relationship or a contrast.
Examples:
• Since I was not at home, I couldn’t cook food.
• Although you have passed the exam, there is room for improvement.
• I went to the doctor in spite of being fit.
Types of Conjunctions as Part of Speech
3.Correlative Conjunctions:
Correlative conjunctions are pairs of conjunctions that work together to
show the relationship between two things in a sentence. Some of the
most common correlative conjunctions are either… or, neither… nor,
not only… but also, no sooner… than, hardly… when, etc.
Examples:
I neither like capsicum nor tomatoes in my soup.
• You can either sign the document or leave immediately.
• Not only did he pass the exam, but also topped it.
 Interjection

It is a word used to express emotions or some sudden outburst

of feeling. Usually, an interjection is used in informal language.
Though interjections do not relate grammatically to the other
parts of the sentence or help the reader understand the
relationship between words and phrases in the sentence, they
express a wide variety of feelings, such as joy, sorrow, surprise,
disgust, etc. Interjections exist in the form of a single word, a
phrase, or even a short clause. Moreover, they are usually,
though not always, placed at the beginning of a sentence. They
are important as they convey emotions which may otherwise be
overlooked in a sentence.
 The Emotions Expressed by Interjections as
Part of Speech
• Joy: Hurrah! Ha-ha!
• Sorrow: Alas! Ah! Oh!
• Surprise: Oh! What! Ha!
• Appreciation: Bravo! Hear-hear!
• Contempt: Fie! Pooh!
• Calling: Hello! Ho!
• Drawing attention: Look! Listen! Behold!
• Making or becoming silent: Hush!
How to write informal email
An informal email is usually between people who know
each other fairly well. In addition to giving news, they
are often used to request information, congratulate
people, give advice and ask questions. There are a lot
of similarities between informal letters and
conversation. Informal letters ask a lot of questions,
show interest and enthusiasm, and imagine a lot of
shared information.
How to write informal email
Salutation or Greeting
Start with Dear followed by the first name of the person to whom you are
writing. In emails, you can also start with Hi (and the person's name). Dear
Ben, or Hi Ben,
(Don't forget to use only the first name of the person you are writing to and
not Dear Mr. John, which is never used, or Dear Mr. John Brown, which
sounds too formal.)
Informal emails sometimes have a comma after the person's name, and the
letter starts on the line below. The important thing is to be consistent with the
style that you choose to use (so if you use a comma after the person's name
at the start of the letter, use a comma after the closing statement at the end).
• Openings
When writing an informal email, you are usually replying to another
letter. You would normally start with a greeting, then acknowledge the
letter to which you are replying. It is often a good idea to acknowledge
some key information given in the original letter too. You can also make
a comment on your own reply.
Useful phrases for the opening
How are you? / How have the family been? / I hope you are well.
Thank you / Many thanks for your (recent/last) letter / postcard.
It was good / nice / great to hear from you again. I was so surprised to
hear that...
I’m sorry I haven’t written / haven't been in touch for such a long time.
It’s ages since I’ve heard from you. I hope you're well / you and your
family are well.
How are things? / How are you? / How’s it going?
Other useful phrases
Referring to news / giving news
Great news about … Glad to hear that … Sorry to hear
about …
Listen, did I tell you about …? You’ll never believe what
Oh, and another thing … This is just to let you know that
I thought you might be interested to hear about / know
that … By the way, have you heard about / did you know
that …?
Apologies
I’m writing to apologise for missing your party but I’m afraid I was with flu.
I’m really sorry that I forgot to send you a birthday card but I was busy with
my new job.
Invitations
I’m / We’re having a party on Friday 19th and I / we hope you’ll be able to
come.
Would you like to come / go to see ‘Room With a View’ with me at the
weekend?
I was wondering if you’d like to go to the theatre / come on holiday with us.
Could you let me / us know if you can come / you’d like to join us?
Thank you very much for your invitation. I’d love to come.
Thank you for asking / inviting me to … but I’m afraid I won’t be able to …
Requests
I’m writing to ask for your help / you (if you could do me) a favour.
I wonder if / I was wondering if you could help me / do me a favour.
I hope you don’t mind me asking but could you (possibly) …?
I’d be very / really / terribly grateful if you could … Thank you /
Congratulations
/ Good Luck
I’m writing to thank you for your hospitality / the wonderful present.
It was so kind of you to invite me to stay with
Making suggestions and recommendations
Why don’t you …? / Maybe you could …? / How about
…?
You can’t leave New York without (...doing sth)
I’m sure you will enjoy (...doing sth). If you like, we can
…
Do visit ... / Don’t forget to ...
 Closing
The end of your letter is as important as the beginning. There are some
standard ways of finishing an informal email.
Give a reason why you're ending the letter: Anyway, I must go and get
on with my work! / I guess it's time I got on with that studying I've been
avoiding.
Send greetings and/or make reference for future contact: Give my
love / regards to... / Say hello to... / Anyway, don't forget to let me know
the dates of the party. / I'll try and phone you at the weekend to check
the times. / We must try and meet up soon. / I can't wait to hear from
you / Look forward to seeing you again / Hope to hear from you soon /
See you soon / Write soon
Closing statement such as Love, Lots of love, All the best, Take care, Best
wishes, should be written on a new line. If you used a comma after the
opening
OTHER THINGS TO CONSIDER
Range: It is important that you use grammatical expressions and
vocabulary appropriate to the level of the exam. Even if there are no
mistakes in your writing, you will not be able to get a good grade if you
use only the language and vocabulary that you learnt at elementary
level. Even in informal writing, there is a good range of language you can
use (conditional sentences, a range of perfect and continuous tenses,
indirect questions...)
• Informal language, including phrasal verbs, informal
vocabulary ("I guess you loved the pics"), contractions,
question tags.
• Simpler sentence structure: I’ll be late for the party. It’s
because of my French exam.
Connectors:
All good writing makes good use of connectors. However, many of the connectors
you have learnt for other styles of writing are inappropriate in an informal letter
or email. For informal writing, you need to use some of the connectors that are
more specific to spoken language:
To introduce a topic: Well, you'll never guess who I bumped into yesterday. /
I know how much you love tennis, so I've got us some tickets to
Wimbledon. / By the way, did you know that John's got a new job? To go
back to a previous topic: Anyway, as I was saying earlier, I really wasn't very
happy there. / Now where was I? Oh yes, I nearly forgot, Mary asked me tell
you about the cinema. To introduce surprising or bad news: Actually, he
came to the party after all. / I'm really sorry but I can't make it. / To tell you
the truth, I don't really like sports much.
To summarise what you've already said: Anyway, we had a really nice time in
the end. / Well, to cut a long story short, we didn't get there on time.