Operational Amplifier

Introduction To Operational Amplifier

• Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp) is an electronic component that functions as an

amplifier of electrical signals
• An Op-Amp consists of several differential amplifiers that are interconnected and
integrated, so that it can produce a very high gain (amplifier).
• The differential amplifier is an amplifier that works by amplifying the signal which
is the difference between the two inputs
Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp)
The Op-Amp has two inputs, namely:
inverting (-) input non-inverting (+)
Op-Amp has one output (output)
Op-Amp works by using
two positive supply voltages (+VDD)
and negative supply voltage (-VEE)
Parameters and Characteristics of the Ideal
Op-Amp
Open Loop Gain (Avo) is the gain of the Op-Amp
without feedback from positive input or negative input
The main function of the Op-Amp is to amplify the input signal, the
greater the gain, the better the op-Amp function
In theory, the magnitude of the open loop gain is infinite.
In real terms the Op-Amp gain ranges from 20,000x to 200,000x
 Parameters and Characteristics of the Ideal
Op-Amp
Input Impedance (Zin) is the ratio of input voltage to input current and
is assumed to be unlimited to prevent current flowing from the supply
source to the amplifier input circuit (Iin=0)
The magnitude of the input impedance is theoretically unlimited
(Infinite)
In real op-amps have input leakage currents of several pico-amps to
milli-amps
Parameters and Characteristics of the Ideal
Op-Amp
Output Impedance (Zout) the magnitude of the output impedance of
an ideal Op-Amp is assumed to be zero (Zero)
With an impedance equal to zero will be able to supply the maximum
required current to the load
In real terms op-amps have output impedances in the 100-20kohm
range
Parameters and Characteristics of the Ideal
Op-Amp
Bandwidth (BW)
The ideal op-amp has an infinite frequency response and can amplify
any frequency signal, either the highest DC or AC, so it is assumed to
have infinite bandwidth.
In real bandwidth is limited by the Gain-Bandwidth (GP) results
Most op-amps have a bandwidth of 1 Mhz and are usually applied to
signals with a frequency of several kiloHertz
How an Open Loop Op-Amp Works

Vout=Ax Vdiff

Where :

A = Open Loop Gain (ideal =∞, Real around 20,000 to 200000

Vdiff = voltage difference between the two inputs (V2-V1)

Vout =Ax(V2-V1)
 Example
Contoh 1
Vout= Ax Vdiff
Vout= A (V2-V1)
Vout = 2x10^5 (10uV-0)
Vout= 2x 10^5 (10uV)
Vout = 2 x 10^5x10x10^-6
Vout =2V

Vout= Ax Vdiff
Vout= A (V2-V1)
Vout= 2 x 10^5 (0-10uV)
Vout = 2 x 10^5 (-10uV)
Vout=-2 x 10^6 uV
Vout=-2V
Inverting Amplifier
Input impedance=∞, so 𝐼𝐷=0
Vout= A(V1-V2)
10 V = 2 x 10^5 (0-V2)
-V2 = 10V/2x10^5
V2=-50uV=0

Iin=IF

=
Non Inverting Amplifier
 Vout=A(V1-V2)
10 V = 10^6 (V1-V2)
10 V/ 10^6=V1-V2
10uV=V1-V2

V1=V2

 V2=
Vin =

=(
Summing OP-Amp Inverting Amplifier
I1=, I3=

I=I1+I2+I3

Vo=-VRF=I.RF

Vo=-

Jika R1=R2=R3=R
Vo=-

Jika RF=R1=R2=R3=R

Vo=-
Example: If Vsat =
V1=3 V, V2= 2 V, V3=1 V

Vo= -)

Vo= -()
Vo=-(3V+4,26+4,5 )= -11,76 V
Example: Op-Amp Summing
Practice (Inverting and Non-Inverting
Amplifier)

Vo (Undistorted)
Vin ?
Fin=1KHZ

RF Rg (Kohm) Vi p-p Vo p-p Gain (Vo/Vi) Fasa Gambar

10
4,7
3,3
10KOhm
22
33
Practice (Summing )

V1 V2 S1 S2 Vo Gambar
2V 2V On Off
2V 2V on on
3V 2V On Off
3V 2V On On
-3V 2V On On
-3V -2V On On