SCE 3204 Biochemical Engineering

By
Kissa R. Alunga
BIC, Ms Chem eng, CBRNe Specialist

Lecture 2
 Lecture 1 review

Properties of
enzymes:
• Required in small amounts colloidal
• Protein in nature but not vice versa,
• Colloidal in nature and precipitated by salt
solution
• Inactivated by heat and alteration of pH
• Have great specificity
• Catalyze one particular reaction
• Bigger molecules than substrates
• Increase rate of reaction without being
consumed
 Lecture 1 review

• Enzymes accelerate reactions

by lowering free energy of
activation
Mechanis • Enzymes do this by binding
m of the transition state of the
reaction better that the
enzyme substrate.
action • Enzymes increase reaction
rates by lowering the energy
of the transition state.
 Lecture 1 review

• First, binding forms a low energy

enzyme-substrate complex (ES).
Mechanis Secondly the enzyme stabilises
the transition state such that it
m of requires less energy to achieve
compared to the uncatalyzed
enzyme reaction (ES).
action • Finally the enzyme-product
complex (EP) dissociates to
release the products.
 Lecture 1 review
Mechanism of enzyme
action
 Classification of enzymes

Intracellular
Enzymes; is
an enzyme that • Qn: Give examples of enzymes which
functions within the fall in that category?
cell in which it was
produced.
Extracellular
Enzymes; secreted by • Salivary glands produce amylase
a cell and an enzyme that breaks
functions outside of down starch into maltose and glucose.
that cell; all the • Bacteria and fungi also produce
digestive enzymes exoenzymes to digest nutrients in
belongs to this groups their environment.
e.g;
Intracellular and intracellular enzymes
 Nomenclature and classification of
Enzymes

The names of most of the enzymes end

with the three letters-ase.
This is a suffix which is added to the
name of the substrate on which the
enzyme acts e.g.,
• Sucrase catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose, the
name describes the function of the enzyme.
• Oxidases catalyze oxidation reactions
 Examples
Substrat
e Enzymes Products
Lactose lactase glucose + galactose
Maltose maltase Glucose
Cellulose cellulase Glucose
Lipid lipase Glycerol + fatty acid
Starch amylase Maltose
Peptides +
 Classification of Enzymes
Enzymes
are • Oxidoreductas
classified es
based on • Transeferases
their • Hydrolases
catalytic • Lyases
behavior • Isomerases
and they • Ligases
include:
 Classification of Enzymes

Oxidoreductases;
• Specifically catalyze the transfer of
electrons from one molecule (the oxidant)
to another molecule (the reductant) e.g
Alcohol dehydrogenase; A– + B → A +
B– where A is the oxidant and B is the
reductant.
• Play an important role in glycolysis.
(TCA cycle..read and make notes)
 Classification of Enzymes

Transeferases; catalyzes the transfer of

functional groups from donor to acceptor
e.g.
• Hexokinase this phosphorylates hexoses (six-
carbon sugars-glucose-substrate), forming hexose
phosphate (product)
 Classification of Enzymes

Transeferases; catalyzes the transfer of

functional groups from donor to acceptor
e.g.
• ATCase catalyses the condensation of l-aspartate
and carbamoyl phosphate to form N-carbamyl-L-
aspartate and inorganic phosphate
 Classification of Enzymes

Isomerases; molecule transformation into

another with exactly the same atoms, but the
atoms have a different arrangement
• i.e. A-B-C → B-A-C
• e.g. Phosphohexose isomerase that
interconverts glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) into
fructose-6-phosphate (F6P)
 Classification of Enzymes
Ligases; • Enzymes catalyzing
formatio synthetic reactions
n of where two molecules
are joined together and
bonds ATP is used e.g. DNA
with ligase is used in
ATP both DNA
repair and DNA
cleavage replication
.
 Classification of Enzymes

Ligases; formation of bonds with ATP

cleavage.
• Enzymes catalyzing synthetic reactions where two
molecules are joined together and ATP is used e.g. DNA
ligase is used in both DNA repair and genetic engineering
KINETICS OF ENZYME CATALYSIS

Enzymes catalysis: “ It is an increase in the rate

of reaction with the help of enzyme(as catalyst).”

Catalysis by enzymes that proceed via unique reaction

mechanism, typically occurs when the transition state
intermediate forms a covalent bond with the
enzyme(covalent catalysis).

During the process of catalysis enzymes always

emerge unchanged at the completion of the
reaction.
F actors affecting rate of enzyme
catalyzed reactions are;

Temperature

Hydrogen
ion
concentratio
n (pH)
Substrate
concentratio
n
 • Raising the temperature increases
the rate of enzyme catalyzed
reaction by increasing kinetic
energy of reacting molecules.
Effect • Enzymes work maximum over a
particular temperature known as
of optimum temperature. Enzymes
for humans generally exhibit
tempe stability temperature up to 35-45
ᵒC
rature
Effect of temperature

• The temperature coefficient, Q10 is

a measure of the temperature
sensitivity of an enzymatic reaction
rate or a physiological process due
to an increase by 10°C.
• However some times heat energy
can also increase kinetic energy to a
point that exceed the energy barrier
which results in denaturing of
enzymes.
The temperature coefficient, Q10
• Most Q10 -values are around 2
Effect of pH

• Rate of almost all enzymes

catalyzed reactions depends on
pH
• Most enzymes exhibit optimal
activity at pH value between 5
and 9
• High or low pH value than
optimum value will cause
ionization of enzyme which
result in denaturation of enzyme
Effect of pH
Effect of pH
 • Concentration of
Enzyme
• Contact between
Other enzyme and substrate
factors • Radiations
• Concentration of
Product
Concentration of Enzyme
• As the concentration of the enzyme is increased,
the velocity of the reaction proportionately
increases.
• This is true only when sufficient substrate
 Contact
between
enzyme and
substrate
For the enzyme activity
the contact between
Substrate and enzyme is
necessary. The type of
contact also influence the
enzyme activity.
Concentration of
Product
• If the product are
accumulated then the
enzyme activity is
decreased.
Radiations
• X-rays, UV rays, Beta and
gamma rays produce
inactivation of enzymes.
• They act by forming
peroxides which oxidise the
enzymes and make them
inactive.
THANK YOU

Any Questions?