AGRICULTURAL & INDUSTRIAL

WASTE IN LOW COST

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
waste
 Wastes are unwanted or unusable materials. Waste is any substance
which is discarded after primary use, or it is worthless, defective and
of no use.
Characteristics of waste generation:

INDUSTRIAL WASTE COMPONENTS ARICULTURAL WASTE COMPONENTS

 Construction  Crops resides

 Manufacturin  Fertilizers and pest
 fabrications remains
 Powerplants
 Chemical plants
AGRICULTURAL WASTE
 Wastes are produced in large quantities from agro-based industries.
 The use of these waste materials in construction industry would
contribute towards a cleaner environment.
 It also results in a cost effective construction material
 The material which are made up of the waste of agricultural
product such as rice husk, wheat fodder, sugarcanes top etc.
 Agricultural waste we are covering are :

o SUGERCANE BAGGASE
o RICE HUSK
o STRAW BALE
o COIR FIBRE
 SUGERCANE BAGGASE
• Bagasse is sugarcane fiber waste left after
juice extraction.

• Bagasse is a eco-friendly, sustainable,

renewable and biodegradable fiber which is
produce at a lower cost.

• Sugarcane is a tree-free renewable resource.

Source: Wikipedia,
google, BMTPC

www.ecomaterial.com PICTURE OF BAGGASE

 USES AND ADVANTAGES OF
BAGGASES
• Many research efforts have explored using bagasse as
a renewable power generation source and for the
production of bio-based materials.

• It is used as a primary fuel in sugar industries as a

burning material, it supplies enough heat according to
their need.

• It is used for making boards known as Baggase

boards which resembles Plywood or Particle board.

• Good insulating material.

• Economically cheap than other boards. BAGGASE BOARD

Source: Wikipedia, google,

• The cost of bagasse board is Rs 10-20 per sq. ft. BMTPC
www.ecomaterial.com
COMPARISON BETWEEN MDF
BOARDS AND BAGASSE BOARD
MDF BOARD BAGGASE BOARD

DURABILITY EXCELLENT VERY GOOD

WEATHER RESISTANT FAIR GOOD

STRENGTH EXCELLENT EXCELLENT

FLATNESS EXCELLENT EXCELLENT

SURFACE VERY GOOD VERY GOOD

UNIFORMITY
ENVIRONMENT GOOD EXCELLENT
FRIENDLY

COST Rs 30-40/ft sq. Rs 10-20 / ft sq.

Source: Wikipedia, google,
BMTPC,www.ecomaterial.com
 RICE HUSK
• The outermost cover of the paddy grain is
known as Rice husk, which is produced when
husk is removed from grain in the husking
stage of the rice mill.
• And burning of this husk leads to production
of Rice husk ash (RHA), if the burning
process is incomplete Carbonized rice husk is
obtained.
PICTURE OF RICE HUSK
• Rice husks are a large by-product – one ton is
produces per five ton of rice paddies, and it is
estimated that 12 million tons of husk could be Rice Burning Rice Carboni
husk of Rice husk sed
available in India. husk ash Rice
husk

Source: Wikipedia, BMTPC, www.watershedmaterial.com

,www.ecomaterial.com
 USES AND ADVANTAGES OF
RICE HUSK AND RICE HUSK ASH

• Rice husk is difficult to ignite, therefore it acts as

a good insulation material.

• It is highly resistant to moisture penetration and

fungal decomposition.

• Steel additive for quality steel in steel

production.
• Used in manufacturing of bricks for construction.
RICE HUSK ASH BRICK
• Manufacturing of Insulating panels.

• Partial cement replacement material for high strength

concrete. Source: Wikipedia, BMTPC,
• Increased compressive and flexural
strengths.

• Increased durability.

• Reduced shrinkage due to particle

packing, making concrete denser.
RICE HUSK ASH BRICK
• The price of standard rice husk brick WALL
is Rs 2-6 per block.
Source: Wikipedia, BMTPC,
www.watershedmaterial.com
 CLAY BRICK RICE HUSK BRICK
DURABILITY EXCELLENT VERY GOOD
BONED LIGHTLY DENSE
STRENGTH GOOD (35 kg/sq cm) GOOD ( 30 KG/SQ.CM )
COLOR AS PER SOIL COLOR UNIFORM COLOR LIKE
CEMENT

SURFACE UNIFORMITY VERY GOOD VERY GOOD

ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY GOOD EXCELLENT

POROUS MORE LESS

WEIGHT HEAVIER LIGHT
COST RS 5-10 PER BLOCK RS2-6 PER BLOCK
BAR GRAPHS
STRAW BALE

• Straw bales is a by-product of the mechanical

harvesting and threshing of grain.

• Straw-bale construction is a building method that

uses bales of straw (commonly wheat, rice, rye and oats
straw) as structural elements, building insulation, or
both.

STRAW BALE STRAW BALE

CONSTRUCTION Source: Wikipedia,
USES OF STRAW
BALE
• Straw bale is the most common waste product in
India that are burned but now a days it has been
used as a building material.

• Due to presence of air in straw it act as a insulating

material by this feature it has been used for the
constructing of insulating wall.

STRAW BALE
CONSTRUCTION Source: Wikipedia,
COIR FIBER
• Coir fiber is made from coconut husks, which are
by-products of industries that use coconuts.
• Coir waste from coir fiber industries is washed,
heat-treated, screened and graded before being
processed into coco fiber products of various
granularity and denseness, which are then used
for horticultural and agricultural applications and
as industrial absorbent.

COIR FIBRE COIR FIBRE ROLL

Source: Wikipedia,
 USES OF COIR FIBER
• Coir fiber are generally use for the roofing .

• Brick of dry coir fiber are very useful in insulating walls that leads
to low cost construction.

• Coir fiber also used as the insulating mat which is a good

alternative of many expensive insulating material for flooring.

• In coir fiber roofing the cost reduces to 60% as compared to RCC

slab.

COIR FIBRE FLOORING COIR FIBRE BRICK COIR FIBRE

CONSTRUCTION
Source: Wikipedia,
MUSHROOM WALLS FOR INSULATION

 Here, wall insulator and packing materials using

mycelium, a bacteria found in rotting organisms
like tree trunks and agricultural byproducts.
 If placed in a mold, these organic matters grow to
the desired shape within a couple of days, and can
then be stopped using a hot oven.
 This is particularly useful because traditional
insulating and packing materials tend to be non-
biodegradable, or, in the case of asbestos,
poisonous.
BUILDING MATERIALS FROM
INDUSTRIAL WASTE
•FLY ASH FROM THERMAL POWER STATIONS
•BLAST FURNACE SLAG FROM STEEL PLANTS
•MARBLE POLISHING WASTES
• RED MUD FROM ALUMINIUM FACTORIES
• BRICK, MORTAR AND CONCRETE WASTES
FROM DEMOLISHED BUILDINGS
• NEWSPAPER WOOD
• NAPPY ROOFING
• RECY BLOCKS
•BLOOD BRICKS
•BOTTLE BRICKS
 FLY ASH
Production
• Fly ash is one of the residues generated in the combustion of coal.
• Fly ash is generally captured from the chimneys of coal-fired power
plants, and is one of
two types of ash that jointly are known as coal ash; the other, bottom
ash, is removed from
the bottom of coal furnaces.
Uses
• Concrete production, as a substitute material for Portland cement and
sand.
• Embankments and other structural fills (usually for road construction).
• Stabilization of soft soils.
• As aggregate substitute material (e.g. for brick production).
FLY ASH BRICKS
 CASE STUDY
Location of site : Nagamangalam, Trichi
• No. of Units : 100
• Built-up of each unit : 172 sq.ft.

• Technologies/specifications :
• Walling : Fly ash Solid Block Masonry

• Roof/Floor : Filler slabs

• Filler slabs

• Doors & Windows :

• Pre-cast RCC door frames
• Composite Door Shutters
• Clay jaali for Ventilators

Fly ash Solid Block Clay Jaali

Masonry
GROUND GRANULATED BLAST-
FURNACE SLAG(GGBFS OR GGBS)
Production
• In the production of iron, iron ore, iron scrap are charged into a blast furnace
along with
coke for fuel.
• The coke is combusted to produce carbon monoxide, which reduces the iron ore to
a
molten iron product. This molten iron product can be cast into iron products.
• Blast furnace slag is a nonmetallic coproduct produced in the process.
• Different forms of slag product are produced depending on the method used to
cool the
molten slag. These products include air-cooled blast furnace slag (ACBFS),
expanded or
foamed slag, pelletized slag, and granulated blast furnace slag.
The largest-volume of recycled material used as construction aggregate is blast
furnace and steel furnace slag. Blast furnace slag is either air-cooled (slow cooling in
the open) or granulated (formed by quenching molten slag in water to form sand-sized
glass-like particles). If the granulated blast furnace slag accesses free lime during
hydration, it develops strong hydraulic cementitious properties and can partly
substitute for portland cement in concrete. Steel furnace slag is also air-cooled.

Crushed and graded bsf Graded road base bsf Uncrushed blast
furnace slag
BFS (AIR-COOLED):
Uncrushed: fill and embankments (particularly areas subject to severe loading,
such as mainline rail systems), working platforms on difficult sites pavements,
where binding fines are produced by rolling to break the slag down to fill the voids
Graded road base: on its own or blended with other slags and/or with other
natural rocks and sands
Crushed and graded: for concrete aggregates, concrete sand, glass insulation
wool, filter medium, and use under concrete slabs as a platform.

BOS (BASIC OXYGEN STEEL SLAG):

Blending with many other products such as granulated slag, fly ash and lime to
form pavement material
Other uses include skid-resistant asphalt aggregate, rail ballast asphaltic concrete
aggregate, soil conditioner, hard stand areas and unconfined construction fill.
 GBS (GRANULATED BFS) AND GGBS:

GBS (GRANULATED BFS) AND GGBS:

Cement: the principal use is as cement
replacement (when ground, GGBS), replacing
30–50% of Portland Cement in 'normal'
concrete, but can replace up to 70% in
specialist applications such as marine
concrete
Road making: unground GBS can be used as
a base layer material in road construction.
Fill material: because of its sand-like texture,
it is easy to work. Its self cementing
properties cause it to set up over time.
Stabilizing binder: slag products are used in a stabilised pavement for the slow rate of the
cementation process. The pavement material can be reworked up to two days or more after
initial mixing depending on the binder, without reducing the final strength. The
performance of both GBS and GGBS in stabilisation depends on the degree of fineness of
the material, which in turn is a matter of economics..
.
Other uses include glass making, concrete block manufacture, sporting field sub-base (for
drainage), filtration medium, reinforced earth embankments, and mine backfilling and grit-
blasting medium requiring fine etching.
 RED MUD
Production
• Red mud is a solid waste product of the Bayer
process, the principal industrial means of
refining bauxite in order to provide alumina as
raw material.
• Red mud is composed of a mixture of solid and
metallic oxide.
• The red colour is caused by the oxidised iron
present.
Uses
• Red mud is used as a binder
material.
• For making floor and wall tiles.
• Coloured composition of concrete.
• Heavy clay products.
• Red mud bricks.
• Composite panels for door shutters.
 SALIENT FAETURES
Environment friendly technology
 Fruitful utilization of industrial waste such as
 Fly ash, red mud
 Energy efficient production technology
 Products stronger than wood
 Weather resistant and durable
 Termite, fungus, rot & rodent resistant
 Fire resistant
 Cheaper than natural wood
 Less maintenance cost
3 times stronger than wood
 WASTE MARBLE DUST
• Marble powder is produced from the marble processing plants during the
cutting, shaping and polishing.

•During this process, about 20-25% of the process marble is turn into the
powder form. India being the topmost exporter of marble, every year million
tons of marble waste form processing plants are released.

•The disposal of this waste marble on soils causes reduction in permeability and
contaminates the over ground water when deposited along catchment area.

•Thus, utilizing these marble waste in construction industry itself would help to
protect the environment from dumpsites of marble and also limit the excessive
mining of natural resources of sand.
 USES
(1) STRUCTURAL FILL, SOIL STABILIZATION, AND ROAD
EMBANKMENTS
(1) • In silty soil, there is 12 percent increase in Unconfined Compressive
Strength with 10% marble dust
(2) • There is a 20% increase in Unconfined Compressive Strength with 30%
marble dust
(3) • There is no improvement in clayey soil

(2) As replacement of CEMENT

LIMESTONE
(3) Improvement in strength and
density of CONCRETE
(4) Bonding material for BRICKS
manufacturing replacin lime
WASTE MARBLE DUST
NEWSPAPER WOOD
 This design comes froom Norway, where over 1m tonnes of paper and
cardboard are recycled every year.
 The wood is created by rolling up paper and solvent-free glue to create
something not dissimilar to a log, then chopping it into usable planks.
 The wood can then be sealed so it's waterproof and flame-retardant,
and used to build anything you would normally build with wood.
NAPPY ROOFING
 Something can be salvaged from all those nappies and
sanitary products we throw away, even though they're, well,
really gross.
 Special recycling plants separate out the polymers from the
organic waste, and these polymers can then be used to
create fibre-based construction materials like the tiles.
RECY BLOCKS AS PARTITION WALLS

 These colourful bricks are made from old

plastic bags, which are notoriously difficult
to recycle in any other way.
 Recycled bags or plastic packaging are
placed in a heat mold, and forced together to
form the blocks.
 They're too lightweight to act as load-
bearing walls, but can be used to divide up
rooms or outdoor areas.
 BLOOD BRICKS
 This idea rests on the assumption that animal blood
counts as a waste product. (This is a potentially
offensive idea – but while carnivores are still
munching away, they're still wasting loads of animal
blood, especially in societies without industrialised
food production systems)
 Blood is one of the strongest bio-adhesives out there,
as it contains high levels of protein.
 British architecture student Jack Munro proposes using
freeze-dried blood (which comes as a powder), mixed
with sand to form a paste; this can then be cast as
bricks. Sample of blood brick
 This could be especially useful in remote communities,
where blood from animal slaughter is plentiful, but
strong construction materials are thin on the ground.
BOTTLE BRICKS
 This proposal is a little different, as it
relies on producing a consumer good
specifically so it can later be used as a
building material. Lots of companies now
make bottles in cuboid or other tesselative
shapes, to make them easier to transport.
 But the practice of doing so to create
construction materials actually started
with beer company Heineken in the
1960s.
 The bottleneck slots into the base of the
next bottle, forming an interlocking line.
PLASPHALT FOR ROADS
 Plasphalt is made up of grains of
plastic produced from unsorted plastic
waste, which replaces the sand and
gravel traditionally used in asphalt
production.

 It was found that plasphalt roads were

far less vulnerable to wear and tear
than traditional asphalt, because the
asphalt emulsion bonds better with
the plastic than with gravel or sand.
WINE CORK PANELS

 These wall or floor tiles are made by

combining recycled granulated cork with
whole wine corks, which you can see as
those oblong shapes in the tiles above.
 This is a pretty useful idea, considering
the world apparently consumes around
31.7bn bottles of wine a year.
THANK YOU