PRESENTATION

ON
OPTICAL RECORDING
AND
REPRODUCTION SYSTEMS
INTRODUCTION TO
OPTICAL RECORDING AND
REPRODUCTION SYSTEMS

Optical recording and reproduction systems

are technologies that use light, typically in the
form of lasers, to capture, store, and retrieve
information on various mediums. These
systems play a crucial role in diverse fields
such as entertainment, data storage, and
scientific research.
OPTICAL
RECORDING

In the context of optical recording and reproduction

systems, "optical recording" refers to the
technology or process wherein data, typically in the
form of visual or audio information, is captured
and stored on a medium using laser technology.
This involves encoding the information onto a
photosensitive material (as in film-based systems)
or altering the reflective properties of a surface (as
in disc-based systems). Optical recording captures
the original data and transforms it into a physical
representation on the chosen medium.
REPRODUCTION
SYSTEMS

In the domain of optical recording and reproduction

systems, "optical reproduction" is the technology or
process dedicated to retrieving and playing back
previously recorded data stored on an optical medium.
Using laser technology, it interprets encoded information
from the medium—whether photosensitive material (as in
film-based systems) or alterations in reflective properties
(as in disc-based systems). Optical reproduction
reconstructs the original data, presenting it in a perceptible
form, such as visual images or audible sounds, for the end
user.
TYPES OF OPTICAL RECORDING OF SOUND
RECORDING ON PHOTOGRAPHIC FILMS:

This is done by converting audio signals into variations of light intensity

falling on the film. Intensity of light from a slit is made to vary in
accordance with the sound pressure variations. when this light falls on edge
of main film, sound gets recorded.

RECORDING ON COMPACT DISC:

This is done with the help of laser beams, made ON and OFF by
digitized audio signals. These beams fall on a photoresist material on a
rotating disc and thus record signals in binary form, flats and pits
making 1s and 0s.
ADVANTAGES

• Digital Versatility: Enables precise and accurate reproduction of digital data.

• High Capacity Storage: Offers high-capacity storage solutions, suitable for large datasets
and multimedia content.
• Non-Contact Recording: Uses laser beams for reading and writing data, reducing wear and
tear on the recording medium.
• Portability: Optical discs are compact and lightweight, making them easily transportable.
• Longevity and Stability: Optical discs have a relatively long shelf life and are less
susceptible to environmental factors.
• Writable and Rewritable Formats: Supports both write-once and rewritable formats for
flexible data storage.
• High-Speed Data Transfer: Achieves high-speed data transfer rates, suitable for time-
sensitive applications like video editing and data retrieval.
APPLICATIONS
• Data Storage and Archival: Used for storing large amounts of digital data, archival
purposes, and backups.
• Multimedia Distribution: Distributing movies, music, software, and other multimedia
content.
• Medical Imaging: Used in medical fields for storing and accessing patient data, images,
and records.
• Software Distribution: Distributing software programs and applications on optical discs.
• Backup and Recovery: Creating backups of important data for disaster recovery and data
protection.
 VARIABLE DENSITY METHOD

• In this method ,sound is picked up by microphone and converted into electrical signals
which are amplified.
• Audio output of the amplifier is fed to the anode of special type of vaccum tube,called AEO
lamp, which contains a little quantity of helium gas.
• The anode gets high dc voltage in series with the audio voltage.
the filament of the lamp is connected to a low dc voltage.
• The intensity of light coming out from the lamp varies in accordance with the audio signal.
• This varying light passes through a slit and a focussing lens,the focussed light falls on
moving photographic film where the image is recording
 ADVANTAGES
• Signal Quality Analysis: Optical variable density methods can be used for analyzing the quality of
optical signals in radio and television broadcasting. This includes assessing parameters such as signal
strength, clarity, and fidelity, which are crucial for ensuring high-quality broadcast reception.
• Remote Monitoring: Optical variable density methods can facilitate remote monitoring of optical
transmission systems used in radio and television broadcasting. By deploying optical sensors at
strategic locations along the transmission path, operators can remotely monitor signal characteristics
and detect anomalies without the need for physical access to the equipment.
• High Sensitivity: Optical sensors used in variable density methods often exhibit high sensitivity,
enabling the detection of small changes in optical signals. This sensitivity is valuable for detecting
signal degradation or interference, allowing for prompt corrective actions to maintain broadcast
quality.
DISADVANTAGES
• Complexity and Cost: Implementing optical variable density methods in radio and television
broadcasting systems can be complex and costly. It involves the integration of specialized optical
sensors, data acquisition systems, and analysis tools, which may require substantial investment in
equipment and expertise.

• Limited Compatibility: Optical variable density methods may not be universally compatible with
all types of radio and television broadcasting equipment. Integration challenges may arise when
interfacing optical sensors with existing infrastructure or legacy systems, potentially requiring
modifications or upgrades.

• Environmental Factors: Optical measurements can be susceptible to environmental factors such as

temperature fluctuations, humidity, and ambient light conditions. Ensuring reliable operation of
optical sensors in diverse environmental conditions may require additional measures, such as
environmental controls or protective enclosures.
VARIABLE AREA METHOD
• In this method, light of constant intensity falls on a slit.
• The area of split opened for this light varies in accordance with variation of
sound pressure
• Sound is first converted into electrical(audio)signals by a microphone.
• The audio signals are amplified and reach the coil of a mirror galvanometer
• The current carrying coil is placed in a magnetic field and hence, deflects in
accordance with amplitude of the audio signal.
• A mirror is attached to the coil assembly,mirror is also deflected
• Light from the lamp,duly focused by a lens system is made to fall on the mirror
• The light reflected from goes to narrow slit
• when the mirror deflects,the slit area exposed to the light changes
• The light from the variable area of slit falls on the sound tarck
• edge of the film and is recorded in the form of photograph of variable area.
DIAGRAM OF VARIABLE AREA METHOD
 ADVANTAGES
• High Bandwidth: Optical signals can carry a vast amount of data, making them suitable for hig
definition video, high-fidelity audio, and high-speed data transmission in broadcasting
applications.
• Immunity to Interference: Optical signals are less susceptible to electromagnetic interference
compared to traditional electrical signals, resulting in clearer transmission and reception of
audiovisual content.
• Long-Distance Transmission: Optical fibers enable long-distance transmission of signals witho
significant signal degradation, allowing broadcasters to reach larger audiences and cover exten
geographical areas.
• Security: Optical transmission can offer higher security by minimizing signal leakage and
reducing the risk of signal interception or eavesdropping compared to radio frequency (RF)
transmission methods.
• Flexibility: Optical transmission systems can support various modulation formats, multiplexing
techniques, and network topologies, providing broadcasters with flexibility in designing and
managing their broadcasting infrastructure.
 DISADVANTAGES
• Cost: The initial investment required for deploying optical transmission systems, including fiber
optic cables, transmitters, receivers, and associated equipment, can be substantial compared to
traditional RF transmission systems.

• Fragility: Optical fibers are susceptible to physical damage from bending, stretching, or crushing,
which can degrade signal quality or result in signal loss. Protecting and maintaining the integrity
of optical cables can be challenging, especially in outdoor or harsh environments.

• Complexity: Optical transmission systems involve complex technologies and equipment, requiring
specialized knowledge and expertise for installation, operation, and maintenance. This complexity
can increase the risk of equipment malfunction or operational errors.
REPRODUCTION OF SOUND FROM FILMS

• A sharply focused narrow beam of light is made to fall on the sound track of the
film.
• As films moves,light passing through bright and grey shaded portions in case of
variable density record and through bright portion of variable area record,falls
on photo-cell which converts this light into electrical signals.
• The output of photo-cell will,therefore,be audio voltage which can be ampified
and fed to a loudspeaker which finally converts into sound.
DIAGRAM OF REPRODUCTION OF SOUND FROM
FILMS
 ADVANTAGES
• High-Quality Audio: Soundtracks from films are often produced with high-quality recording
equipment and techniques, resulting in clear, crisp audio that enhances the viewing experience for
audiences.

• Variety and Diversity: Films often feature a diverse range of music styles and genres, allowing
broadcasters to introduce variety into their programming. Whether it's classical orchestral scores,
contemporary pop songs, or thematic soundscapes, film soundtracks offer a rich tapestry of
musical options for radio and television producers.

• Enhanced Immersion: By reproducing sound from films, broadcasters can create a more
immersive audiovisual experience for viewers. Syncing audio with visual content can heighten the
sense of realism and transport audiences into the world of the film, enhancing their overall
viewing enjoyment.
 DISADVANTAGES
• Copyright Issues: Broadcasting soundtracks from films may raise copyright concerns, especially if the
content is protected by intellectual property laws. Obtaining the necessary rights and permissions to
use copyrighted music can be complex and costly, requiring careful licensing agreements with rights
holders.

• Inconsistent Quality: While many film soundtracks are produced with high-quality audio, the quality
of sound reproduction can vary depending on factors such as the original recording conditions,
format, and mastering. Ensuring consistent audio quality across different films and scenes may
require additional post-production processing or equalization.

• Contextual Relevance: Not all film soundtracks are suitable for radio and television broadcasts,
particularly if the music is tightly integrated with specific visual scenes or narrative contexts.
Selecting appropriate soundtracks that complement the content and tone of the broadcast can be
challenging, requiring careful curation and editing.
Optical Recording on
Disc
 BASICS OF COMPACT DISC
❖ As Digital circuits offer complete immunity to noise, efforts were made to record
sound in digital form.
❖ These efforts resulted in video recording disc, called laser vision.
’ ❖ However, different countries ware using different video systems, these disc were
not compatible with each other, so video disc were not used internationally.
❖ Philips and Sony have started working on a development project to record
digitized sound, so disc were been used internationally without ant problems of
compatibility.
❖ These efforts resulted into birth of ‘Compact Disc’ system.
OPTICAL ❖ AUDIO SIGNAL IS
TRANSLATED IN DIGITAL ❖ LASER BEAM IS
RECORDING FORM. MODULATED BY DIGITIZED
AUDIO SIGNAL.
ON DISC ❖ Laser beam is modulated by
digitized
audio signal.

❖ Contain record of digital audio signal in

form of pits of 1µm depth and 0.5µm
width.

❖ Separation between adjacent

track
(pitch) is 1.6µm
 DIGITIZATION OF AUDIO SIGNAL
❖ The audio signal is sampled at 44.1kHz.
❖ Quantum levels pertain is 16 bits.
❖ Data rate is 𝟒𝟒. 𝟏𝒌 × 𝟏𝟔 = 𝟕𝟎𝟓. 𝟔𝒌𝒃𝒑𝒔
❖ for 1s LASER is ON and for 0s LASER is OFF
Body
 Advantages of Compact Disc

❖ It is not affected by dust, grease and scratches.

❖ SNR is high, about 90dB

❖ Wow and Flutter does not exist

❖ Distortion is low

❖ Frequency response is excellent over audio frequencies (20Hz to 20kHz)

❖ Compact in size
DISADVANTAGES OF COMPACT DISC

❖ Cost is high

❖ Recording can not be erased

 BLU RAY
TECHNOLOGY
 BASICS OF BLU RAY Technology

❖ In 1997, DVDs revolutionized the movie industry, Audio and Video

quality was far superior to the previous VHS.

❖ Now, the Blu ray technology is having the same effect on DVDs as
they did on VHS.

❖ Next generation Disc developed to enable recording, rewriting and

playback of high definition video
 Data on Blu Ray Technology

❖ Normal Red LASER is used on CDs and DVDs with

wavelength of 650 nm.

❖ Blu violet LASER is used in Blu Ray with wavelength

of 405 nm,

❖ In Optical storage, data is written into many small pits

under the surface layer of the disk.

❖ The shorter wavelength of the blue violet

LASER used in Blu Ray Technology allows smaller pits to
be used in DVDs.

❖ This will increase storage in DVDs.

 Blu Ray Disc
❖ While current optical disc technology such as DVD rely on a red laser to read and
write data, the new format uses a blue violet laser instead, hence its name Blu Ray.
❖ The discs come in single or double layer. Single layer can hold 25GB and double
can hold 50GB of data compared to DVDs holding 4.7GB of data.
❖ The benefit of using a blue violet laser is that it has a shorter wavelength than a
red laser, which makes it possible to focus the laser spot with even greater
precision.
 Benefits of Blu Ray Technology

❑ Significantly increased storage space (50GB vs. today's 4.7GB)

❑ Has the potential to store 500GB on multiple layers

❑ Has the potential of up to 54MB/s read and write speeds

❑ Allows for high definition 1080p movies to be marketed

 Introduction to Video Compact Disc
Purpose
The Video Compact Disc (VCD) is a digital optical disc format used for storing and playing video and
audio content. It was designed as an affordable alternative to the more expensive Laser Disc and DVD
formats. VCDs are commonly used for distributing movies, music videos, and other video content.
History

History
The Video Compact Disc was introduced in 1993 as a joint effort between Philips and Sony. It was the
first optical disc format to be used for video playback and quickly gained popularity in Asian markets.
VCDs utilize the MPEG-1 video compression format, allowing for high-quality video playback on
standard CD players and CD-ROM drives. While the popularity of VCDs has declined with the rise of
DVD and streaming services, they continue to be used in certain regions and for specific purposes.
 Technical Specifications
Video Compact Disc (VCD) is a digital optical disc format used for storing and playing video and
audio content. It was introduced in 1993 and quickly gained popularity as an affordable alternative to
VHS tapes and LaserDiscs. Here are the key technical specifications of Video Compact Disc:
 Advantages of Video Compact Disc
High-Quality Video and Audio Playback
Video Compact Disc (VCD) offers
superior video and audio quality,
providing a crisp and immersive viewing
experience.
It supports standard definition video and
stereo audio, ensuring clear visuals and
sound.
Portability
VCDs are compact and
lightweight, making them easy to
carry and transport.
Users can enjoy their favorite
movies, music videos, and other
content on the go, whether on a
portable VCD player or a
computer with a CD-ROM drive.
Durability
VCDs are built to withstand wear
and tear, ensuring long-lasting
performance.
The discs are resistant to scratches
and fingerprints, minimizing the
risk of playback issues and
preserving the quality of the
content.
 Applications of Video Compact Disc
Home Entertainment
Video Compact Discs revolutionized the
home entertainment industry by allowing
consumers to watch movies and TV
shows in the comfort of their own homes.
VCDs offered a more affordable and
convenient alternative to traditional VHS
tapes.
Users could enjoy high-quality video and
audio playback with the ability to pause,
rewind, and fast-forward through content.
Educational Videos
VCDs played a significant
role in the distribution of
educational videos.
Schools and educational
institutions utilized VCDs to
provide students with visual
learning materials.
Educational VCDs covered a
wide range of subjects,
including science, history,
language learning, and more.
Business Presentations
Video Compact Discs were also
commonly used for business
presentations.
Professionals could create
multimedia presentations with
video, audio, and visual effects.
VCDs allowed for a more engaging
and interactive presentation
experience.
Companies could distribute.
 Video Compact Disc (VCD)

Home Entertainment Educational Videos Business Presentations

VCDs were a popular form of
home entertainment in the
1990s and early 2000s,
providing a way to watch
movies and TV shows on a
smaller, more affordable
format than DVDs.
VCDs were also used in
educational settings, providing a
way to distribute educational
videos to students and teachers.
VCDs were used in business
settings for presentations and
training materials, as they were a
cost-effective way to distribute
video content.
Future of Video Compact Disc
Advancements and Replacement Technologies

Advancements
1 High Definition: Video Compact Discs are expected to support
high-definition video playback in the future, providing a more
immersive viewing experience.
2 Enhanced Storage: Advancements in technology may allow for
increased storage capacity on Video Compact Discs, allowing for
longer video content or additional features.

Challenges
1 Streaming Competition: The rise of streaming services may pose
a challenge to the future of Video Compact Discs, as consumers
increasingly prefer on-demand content.
2 Digital Distribution: The shift towards digital distribution may
impact the demand for physical media, including Video Compact
Discs.
3 Technological Obsolescence: As technology continues to evolve,
Video Compact Discs may become less relevant and eventually
phased out in favor of newer formats.
 Conclusion

85M 350K 2000s

Global Sales Titles Released Decline Period

More than 85 million Over 350,000 titles were The decline of VCDs started in
VCD players were sold released on VCDs, including the early 2000s with the rise of
worldwide during the peak movies, music albums, and DVDs and digital streaming
of their popularity. educational content. platforms.
THANKYOU
Over 350,000 titles were The decline of VCDs started in
released on VCDs, including By : 2000s
the early Bhavya
withAhuja
the rise of
movies, music albums, and DVDsKamini
and digital
Kumari streaming
educational content. platforms.
Musaib Ahmad Parray
Israil Saifi
Bhawar Syal