Introduction

Kant was a
philosopher Germ
systematic work an
epistemology whose
on
influenced philosophy
and and
several idealism
ethics and
Kantianism of
ways
thinking. He was one of the
greatest philosophers of
all time.
Biography
Biography
 Ethical theory

Deontological
ethics
Action’s moral
worth

Based on intention,
not the
consequences.
 Teoria Ética
Intention
s

action
Agent

An action is good or it has moral worth when

The agent has the intention of fulfilling duty

for the duty’s sake.
 Types of Actions
Actions contrary to Actions in
Duty-based Actions
duty accordance to duty

Actions that Actions that Actions in

don’t are which
respect duty and that according with duty fulfillment
what is
are absolutely we should do an end by
and but itself.
morally wrong. internally Acting correctly
influenced is
by other the only
reasons, reason
therefore underlying
loosing an
 Imperative
Moral law according to Kant
What it is What it isn’t
A categorical imperative A hypothetical imperative
-The fulfillment of duty is an order conditioned by
- Commands that duty should the satisfactory things that may come out of it.
be fulfilled for the duty’s sake.
-Actions based on this imperative are actions in
In other words, the categorical accordance to duty.
imperative commands that a will
should fulfill duty, only driven -The actions that fulfill the duty based on
by doing what is right. secondary interests are according to maxims that
can not be universalized.

- Commands that we should --Action is conditional based on motive or

be desire
impartial; -Example: Do not steal if you want to be popular.
 Categorical Imperative
Formula of Universal Law

“Act only according to a maxim which you

may want at the same time to become
an universal law”

Formula of Humanity

“Act insomuch you use humanity every

time and simultaneously as an end and
never only as a mean.”
 Autonomy vs
Heteronomy
An autonomous will
A heteronomy is the
is a good will when
the simple legislation and
duty for the duty’s imposition of a law by
sake is accomplished, external authority.
obeying to reason and Example: Law is
ignoring external imposed externally by
factors. (self-legislating) rewards or
punishments.
Example: Regularly
imposed on themselves
out of the enactment of
the will to follow the
 Universalizability
Substantive Moral Theory - identifies duties in a
straightforward manner.

Example: The set of 10 Commandments

Formal Moral Theory – set of instructions on how to make a

list of duties or moral commands.

Example: Cookbook
 Critique
• Moral aren’
rules
absolute; t
• There are situations
of conflict;
• Freedom;
• Diversity of objects;
• Diversit o
y f
subjects
;
• Alterity.
Homages
 Books
 Response to the Question: What
is Enlightenment?
 Critique of Judgment;
 Critique of Practical Reason.;
 Critique of Pure Reason;
 Fundamental Principles of
the Metaphysics of Morals;
 Metaphysical Foundations
of Natural Science;
 Universal Natural History
and
Theory of the Heavens.
 Quotes
You don´t teach philosophy;
you teach how to philosophize.
Remember to
forget.

Voltaire said that heaven had

given us two things to balance Sometimes people
the numerous disgraces of life: don’t want to hear
hope and dream. He could the truth because
have added laughter. they don’t want
their illusions
destroyed.
K – Kant
J – Journalist

K: Hi. My name is Immanuel Kant and I’m with no make up, in High Definition. I like pears, but I don’t like “pear
pressure”. I like walking. I like my family, my dog (although I don’t have one). I like rock and I don’t like classical music. I
like ice cream. I like people that are morally right and with good intentions. I hate Stuart Mill and I don’t care about the
consequences of my actions.

J: Well… Let’s start with asking how was your childhood?

K: Is this the part when I start crying? In this show people always cry.
J: It’s up to you, I guess…
K: Ok, I’ll cry later. What was the
question? J: How was you childhood?
K: Well… I was born in the 22nd of April, 1724 in Prussia, in a little village that I can’t pronouce and I was the 4th son so
when I was born my brothers tried to drown me because I was always stealing the spotlight. I have always lived
according to a very strict, rough and punitive education. I would always get up arround 5 a.m. whether it was Summer or
Winter and I would always go to sleep at 10 p.m. sharp.

J: With a such a timed and rigorous personal life, I assume that your school life must have been also like that.
K: Yes, yes, I’ve always bee good with the school stuff and I was always a good student and I entered the Fredericianum
High School when I was 8 where I learned classicism and at the age of 16 I joined the Königsberg College where I first
took intetrest in philosophy but also in math and physics, with the help of my teacher. I started reading about Isaac
Newton and I wrote my first book: “Thoughts on the True Estimation of Living Forces ". I was there until I was 21.
J: Why did you abandoned it?
K: Because… I intended to continue my studies but, unfortunately, my dad died and that had a great impact on me.

J: How were you parents like?

K: My mother Regina was a great woman, admired by her personality and natural intelligence despite her lack of
education. And my father Johanne worked with leather and made saddles, always working. He was a big influence to me
and that is why it killed me so much when he died and I started working as a tutor and I did that for 9 years. That
allowed me to be in touch with society.

J: After that have you never end your education?

K: No, with the help of my b.f.f. I was able to graduate the following year.

J: And then what?

K: Then I stayed at the university for 15 years, teaching math and physics.

J: But I know you didn’t only teach that. You gradually also taught metaphysics, logic, moral philosophy and you even
taught firework and fortifications… That attracted several students, right?
K: Yeah. Not to blow my own horn but everyone loved me, my theses, books and ideas. Yeah, for them I was Super
Kant.

J: What kept you from carrying on?

K: Oh! I had very unorthodox ideas about religion and I lived in a very spoiler society and then there comes the King and
the dude tells me “Hey, bro, you Kan’t teach no more, OK?” but after 5 years he died and I came back.

J: I see… Well, there’s a thing that I don’t understand. It’s said that you’re dead.
K: Yeah, that’s true.

J: How?
K: Here I am, a 60 inch dude with deformed chest and of course my health declined. It was very painful for my friends but
I ended up dying on the 12th of February of 1804 of degenerative disease.
J: What? Ok, whatever… So, when you died, what were your last
words? K: This is good.

J: This is
good?
K: This is
good.

J: Why the
hell?
K: I don’t
know miss. I
had taken lots
of painkillers
and I was
messed up
and I said this
is good. It’s as
of i did
a like on
Facebook.
Don’t you
think?

J: Well,
whatever. How
does it feel to
be considered