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Tim Dosen MSA

PATTERNS OF
AQUATIC
ECOSYSTEMS
 HOW DO AQUATIC SYSTEMS DIFFER FROM
TERRESTRIAL SYSTEMS ?

 Aquatic environment living has both

advantages and disadvantages.
 Physical boundaries are less fixed, making it
more difficult to manage/count aquatic
populations of organisms.
 Food webs are longer, more complex than on
land due to fluidity of medium and variety of
bottom habitats.
 Size and less visibility  more difficult to
study.
IMPORTANT PROPERTIES OF WATER
 High specific heat
­ Warms and cools slowly
­ Large amount of heat necessary to raise temperature
 Reaches max density at 4oC
­ Ice floats, warm water above cold water
­ 800x denser than air
­ Organisms still more dense, need buoyancy
 More viscous than air
­ More energy to move through water
 Light attenuates quickly
 High surface tension
 TYPES OF ORGANISMS
 Location/habitat of life
­ Neuston: living at the air-water
interface and are unattached to the
bottom of the water body
­ Plankton: floating, weak swimmers
(phytoplankton, zooplankton)
­ Nekton: swimming organisms
­ Benthos: attached or resting on
bottom . (epifauna, infauna)
 Trophic Mode
­ Photosynthesizers: primary producers
­ Grazers: eat living plant material
­ Carnivores: eat animal
­ Deposit feeders: eat organic material on
bottom
­ Filter feeders: remove food from water
­ Decomposers: break down organic
matter, bacteria, fungi
TYPES OF AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS

The types of organisms in an aquatic

ecosystem are mainly determined by
the water’s salinity.
Freshwater
Marine
Estuarine/brackishwater (transition
between land & sea)
Freshwater Ecosystem
 Freshwater ecosystems include ponds, lakes, streams, rivers, and
wetlands.
 Wetlands are areas of land that are periodically under water or
whose soil contains a great deal of moisture.
 Factors affecting which organisms live in freshwater ecosystems
 Temperature
 Sunlight
 Oxygen
 Nutrients
 Lentic
­ Standing water
­ Lakes, ponds

 Lotic
­ Running water
­ Streams, rivers
LENTIC ECOSYSTEM
Littoral zone
 Near shore where rooted plants grow
 High biodiversity
 Turtles, frogs, crayfish, some fish

Limnetic zone
 Open, sunlight area away from shore
 Main photosynthetic zone
 Some larger fish
RIVERS & STREAMS
Marine Ecosystem
 Marine ecosystems  coastal areas &
the open ocean.
 Organisms that live in coastal areas adapt
to changes in water level and salinity.
 Organisms that live in the open ocean
adapt to changes in temperature and the
amount of sunlight and nutrients.
FOOD SOURCES FOR DEEP-SEA ORGANISMS
 FISH DISTRIBUTION IN MARINE
ECOSYSTEMS
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Estuarine Ecosystem
 A partially enclosed area of coastal water where sea water
mixes with freshwater
 Estuaries are found at the mouths of river
 As the two bodies meet, currents form and cause mineral
rich mud with many nutrients to fall to the bottom making
in available to producers.
 Estuaries  very productive, constantly receive nutrients
from the river and ocean
 Extremely productivity
 Organisms that live in estuaries are able to tolerate
variations in salinity
Numbers of species in each of the three major components-marine,
freshwater, and brackish-water species
The Food Web of a Typical Estuary
FISH DISTRIBUTION IN ESTUARIES

Ferreira et al. (2019)

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