Engineering Data Analysis

Graphical Presentation
Group 4
 No report is This is readily defensible by the saying "a
customarily picture paints a thousand words".
complete without an Thus, a frequency distribution table is further
accompanying enhanced through its graphical presentation.
picture or graph.
 Graphs bring about essential features not immediately seen in tabular
presentations, like the shape of the distribution and the "spread" of the
data.

With the help of a visual picture, one can easily see and analyze data in an
organized manner.
3.2 Graphical Presentation

3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3

Bar Chart & Line Chart or Frequency Ogive

Histogram Frequency
Polygon
 Figure 3.1 Bar Chart
3.2.1 Bar Chart &
Histogram
It is one of the graphical ways of representing a
frequency distribution. A bar chart is a graph where the
different classes are represented by rectangles or bars.

Frequency
The width of each rectangle along the horizontal axis
corresponds to the class limits or categories for
nominal variables, while the length of the rectangle,
corresponds to the class frequency.

Class Limits
 Figure 3.1 Bar Chart
3.2.1 Bar Chart
NOTE: The bar chart is the most appropriate
presentation for the distribution of a categorical data,
where the different categories are located along the x-
axis while the corresponding frequencies or

Frequency
percentages lie along the y-axis

Class Limits
 Figure 3.2 Frequency Histogram

3.2.1 Histogram
14

A graph that is a close resemblance of the

12

bar chart is the histogram. The basic

difference between the two graphs is that a
10

bar chart uses the class limits for the

8
Frequency

horizontal axis while the histogram employs

6

the class boundaries. Using the class

boundaries eliminates the spaces between
4

the rectangles, giving it a solid appearance.

2
0

9.5 18.5 23.5 30.5 37.5 44.5 51.5 58.5 61.5

Class Boundaries
3.2.2 Line Chart or Figure 3.3 Frequency Polygon
Frequency Polygon
A frequency polygon is constructed by plotting the class
marks against its frequency.

The set of (x,y) points, formed by the class marks and

their corresponding frequencies, are then connected by

Frequency
straight lines. To complete the polygon, which is
mathematically defined as a close figure, an additional
class mark is added at the beginning and at the end of the
distribution, these additional class marks are each
assigned a frequency of zero.

Class Marks
 Figure 3.4 Frequency Ogive

Cummulative Frequency

Class Boundaries

3.2.3 Frequency Ogive

A cumulative frequency distribution can be represented graphically by a Frequency Ogive. An ogive is obtained
by plotting the upper class boundaries on the horizontal scale and the corresponding less than cumulative
frequency in the vertical scale. The resulting set of points are joined by straight linesto form an ogive, an 'S –
like' shape shown in figure 3.4.
THANK
YOU