Input Output Interfaces

Input / Output Devices

• Input / Output devices are the means through which the microcomputer
unit communicates with the outside world.
• The link between the I/O devices and the microprocessor is maintained by
a circuitry known as I/O module.
• This circuitry includes the specific interfaces needed for I/O devices as well
as control functions that implement the I/O transfers within the computer.
• I/O devices usually are appeared as passive devices which take action only
when instructed to do.
• The CPU monitors the status of the I/O devices and selects them according
to availability and need.
I/O Interfaces
• Generally can be summed into two.
• Parallel Communication
• Serial Communication
Parallel Communication
• In data transmission, parallel communication is a method of
conveying multiple binary digits (bits) simultaneously. It contrasts
with serial communication, which conveys only a single bit at a time.
• In Parallel Transmission, many bits are flow together simultaneously
from one computer to another computer.
• Parallel Transmission is faster than serial transmission to transmit the
bits. Parallel transmission is used for long distance.
Method of Parallel Port transfer
• Four methods are present.
• Simple I/O
• Strobe I/O
• Single Handshake I/O
• Double Handshake I/O
Simple I/O
• When you need to get digital data from simple switch, such as
thermostat, into microprocessor, all you have to do is connect the
switch to an I/O port line and read the port.
• Likewise, when you need to output data to simple display device, such
as LED, all you have to do is connect the input of the LED buffer on an
output port pin and output the logical level required to turn on the
light.
Simple I/O
Strobe I/O
• In many applications, valid data is present on an external device only
at a certain time, so it must be read in at that time.
• E.g. the ASCII-encoded keyboard. When a key is pressed, circuitry on
the keyboard sends out the ASCII code for the pressed key on eight
parallel data lines, and then sends out a strobe signal on another line
to indicate that valid data is present on the eight data lines.
Strobe I/O
• For low rates of data transfer, such as from a keyboard to a MP, a
simple strobe transfer works well.
• However, for higher speed data transfer, this method does not work
because there is no signal which tells the sending device when it is
safe to send the next data byte.
• In other words, the sending system might send data bytes faster than
the receiving system could read them.
• To prevent this problem, a handshake data transfer scheme is used.
Single Handshake I/O

• It shows the timing waveform for a handshake data transfer from a

peripheral device to a MP.
• The peripheral outputs some parallel data and sends an STB signal to
the MP.
Single Handshake I/O
• The MP detects the asserted STB signal on a polled or interrupts basis
and reads in the bytes of data.
• Then, the MP sends ACK (acknowledge) signal to the peripheral to
indicate that the data has been read and that the peripheral can send
next byte of data.
• The point of this method is that the sending device or system is
designed so that it does not send the next byte until the receiving
device or system indicates with an ACK signal that it is ready to
receive the next byte.
Double Handshake I/O

• For data transfer where even more coordination is required between

the sending system and the receiving system, a double handshake is
used.
• The sending (peripheral) device asserts its STB line low to ask the
receiving device whether it is ready or not for data reception.
Double Handshake I/O
• The receiving system raises its ACK line high to indicate that it is ready.
• The peripheral device then sends the byte of data and raises its STB
line high to assure that the valid data is available for the receiving
device (MP).
• When MP reads the data, it drops its ACK line low to indicate that it
has received the data and requests the sending system to send next
byte of data.
8255A Programmable Peripheral Interface
• The 8255A is a general purpose programmable I/O device designed to
transfer the data from I/O to interrupt I/O under certain conditions as
required. It can be used with almost any microprocessor.
• It consists of three 8-bit bidirectional I/O ports (24I/O lines) which can
be configured as per the requirement.
• It has 3 operating modes namely, mode 0, mode 1 and mode 2.
8255A Block Diagram
8255A
• It consists of 40 pins and operates in +5V regulated power supply.
• Port C is further divided into two 4-bit ports i.e. port C lower and port
C upper and port C can work in either BSR (bit set rest) mode or in
mode 0 of input-output mode of 8255.
• Port B can work in either mode or in mode 1 of input-output mode.
• Port A can work either in mode 0, mode 1 or mode 2 of input-output
mode.
• It has two control groups, control group A and control group B.
Control group A consist of port A and port C upper. Control group B
consists of port C lower and port B.
8255A
• Depending upon the value if CS’, A1 and A0 we can select different
ports in different modes as input-output function or BSR. This is done
by writing a suitable word in control register (control word D0-D7).
CS’ A1 A0 Selection Address

0 0 0 PORT A 80 H

0 0 1 PORT B 81 H

0 1 0 PORT C 82 H

0 1 1 Control 83 H
Register

1 X X No Seletion X
Operating Modes of 8255A
• Bit Set Reset (BSR) mode:
• If MSB of control word (D7) is 0, PPI works in BSR mode. In this mode only
port C bits are used for set or reset.
• The contents of the control register are called the control word that specifies
the input/ output functions of each port.
Operating Modes of 8255A
• Input / Output Mode
• These are divided into three modes.
• Mode 0
• Mode 1
• Mode 2
Operating
Modes of 8255A
Operating Modes of 8255A
• Mode 0
• In this mode all the three ports (port A, B, C) can work as simple input
function or simple output function. In this mode there is no interrupt
handling capacity.
Operating Modes of 8255A
• Mode 1
• In this mode either port A or port B can work as simple input port or simple
output port, and port C bits are used for handshake signals before actual data
transmission. It has interrupt handling capacity.
• Example: A CPU wants to transfer data to a printer. In this case since speed of
processor is very fast as compared to relatively slow printer, so before actual
data transfer it will send handshake signals to the printer for synchronization
of the speed of the CPU and the peripherals.
Operating Modes of 8255A
• Mode 2
• Bi-directional data bus mode. In this mode only port A works, and port B can
work either in mode 0 or mode 1.
• 6 bits port C are used as handshake signals. It also has interrupt handling
capacity.
Serial Communication
• Serial communication is the process of sending data one bit at a time,
sequentially, over a communication channel or computer bus.
• In Serial Transmission, data-bit flows from one computer to another
computer in bidirectional. In this transmission one bit flows at one
clock pulse.
• In Serial Transmission, 8 bits are transferred at a time having a start
and stop bit.
Serial Communication
Difference Between Serial and Parallel
8251 Programmable Communication Interface
• 8251 is a USART (Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver
Transmitter) for serial data communication.
• It acts as a mediator between microprocessor and peripheral to
transmit serial data into parallel form and vice versa.
• It takes data serially from peripheral (outside devices) and converts
into parallel data. After converting the data into parallel form, it
transmits it to the CPU.
• Similarly, it receives parallel data from microprocessor and converts it
into serial form. After converting data into serial form, it transmits it
to outside device (peripheral).
8251 Programmable Communication Interface
• Blocks of 8251 PCI
• Read / Write Control Logic
• Transmitter
• Receiver
• Data Bus Buffer
• Modem control
Block Diagram of 8251 PCI
Read Write Control Logic – 8251 PCI
• The Read/Write Control logic interfaces the 8251A with CPU,
determines the functions of the 8251A according to the control word
written into its control register.
• It monitors the data flow.
• This section has three registers and they are control register, status
register and data buffer.
• The eight parallel lines, D7-D0, connect to the system data bus so that
data words and control/status words can be transferred to and from
the device.
Read Write Control Logic – 8251 PCI
• The chip select (CS) input is connected to an address decoder so the device
is enabled when addressed.
• The signals RD, WR, CS and C/D are used for read/write operations with
these three registers.
• It has two internal addresses, a control address which is selected when C/D
is high (1), and a data address which is selected when C/D input is low (0).
• When the RESET is high, it forces 8251A into the idle mode.
• The CLK (clock input) is necessary for 8251A for communication with CPU
and this clock does not control either the serial transmission or the
reception rate.
Transmitter – 8251 PCI
• The transmitter section accepts parallel data from CPU and converts them into serial
data.
• The transmitter section is double buffered, i.e., it has a buffer register to hold an 8-bit
parallel data and another register called output register to convert the parallel data
into serial bits.
• When output register is empty, the data is transferred from buffer to output register.
Now the processor can again load another data in buffer register.
• If buffer register is empty, then TxRDY goes high.
• If output register is empty then TxEMPTY goes high.
• The clock signal, TxC controls the rate at which the bits are transmitted by the USART.
• The clock frequency can be 1, 16 or 64 times the baud rate.
Receiver – 8251 PCI
• The receiver section accepts serial data and convert them into parallel
data
• The receiver section is double buffered, i.e., it has an input register to
receive serial data and convert to parallel, and a buffer register to
hold the parallel data.
• When the RxD line goes low, the control logic assumes it as a START
bit, waits for half a bit time and samples the line again.
• If the line is still low, then the input register accepts the following bits,
forms a character and loads it into the buffer register.
Receiver – 8251 PCI
• The CPU reads the parallel data from the buffer register.
• When the input register loads a parallel data to buffer register, the
RxRDY line goes high.
• The clock signal RxC controls the rate at which bits are received by the
USART.
• During asynchronous mode, the signal SYNDET/BRKDET will indicate
the break in the data transmission.
• During synchronous mode, the signal SYNDET/BRKDET will indicate
the reception of synchronous character.
Data Bus Buffer – 8251 PCI
• This block acts as a buffer for the received data. – RXD: An input signal
which receives the data.
Modem Control – 8251 PCI
• The MODEM control unit allows to interface a MODEM to 8251A and
to establish data communication through MODEM over telephone
lines.
• This unit takes care of handshake signals for MODEM interface.
• The following are active-low pins of Modem.
• DSR: Data Set Ready signal is an input signal.
• DTR: Data terminal Ready is an output signal.
• CTS: It is an input signal which controls the data transmit circuit.
• RTS: It is an output signal which is used to set the status RTS.
Modes of Serial Communication
• As we know in Serial Transmission data is sent bit by bit, in such a way that
each bit follows another. It is of two types namely, Synchronous and
Asynchronous Transmission.
• One of the major differences is that in Synchronous Transmission, the sender
and receiver should have synchronized clocks before data transmission.
• Whereas Asynchronous Transmission does not require a clock, but it adds a
parity bit to the data before transmission.
• Asynchronous is simple, economical and used for transmitting a small
amount of data.
• Conversely, Synchronous Transmission is used for transferring the bulk of
data as it is efficient and has less overhead.
Synchronous vs Asynchronous Mode
• In Synchronous Transmission, data is transferred in the form of
frames. On the other hand, in Asynchronous Transmission data is
transmitted 1 byte at a time.
• Synchronous Transmission requires a clock signal between the sender
and receiver so as to inform the receiver about the new byte. In
contrast, in Asynchronous Transmission sender and receiver does not
require a clock signal as the data sent here has a parity bit attached to
it which indicates the start of the new byte.
• Data transfer rate of Asynchronous Transmission is slower than that of
Synchronous Transmission.
Synchronous vs Asynchronous Mode
• Asynchronous Transmission is simple and economical, whereas
Synchronous Transmission is complicated and expensive.
• Synchronous Transmission is efficient and has lower overhead as
compared to the Asynchronous Transmission.
RS - 232
• RS232 is a standard protocol used for serial communication, it is used
for connecting computer and its peripheral devices to allow serial
data exchange between them.
• In simple terms RS232 defines the voltage for the path used for data
exchange between the devices. It specifies common voltage and
signal level, common pin wire configuration and minimum, amount of
control signals.
RS - 232
RS - 232
• DTE :
• A DTE stands for data terminal equipment is an end instrument that convert
user information into signals or reconverts the receive signal. A male
connector is used in DTE and has pin out configuration.
• DCE :
• A DCE stands for data communication equipment's. It sits between the DTE
and data transmission circuit for example modem. A DCE device uses a female
connector which has holes on the surface to hold male connector.
RS – 232 Pinouts
RS – 232 Pinouts
RS – 232 Pinouts
RS – 232 Pinouts
DTE – DCE Working
DTE – DCE Working
DTE – DCE Working
• RS232 works on the two-way communication that exchanges data to one
another. There are two devices connected to each other, (DTE) Data
Transmission Equipment and (DCE) Data Communication Equipment which
has the pins like TXD, RXD, and RTS & CTS.
• Now, from DTE source, the RTS generates the request to send the data. Then
from the other side DCE, the CTS, clears the path for receiving the data.
• After clearing a path, it will give a signal to RTS of the DTE source to send the
signal. Then the bits are transmitted from DTE to DCE.
• Now again from DCE source, the request can be generated by RTS and CTS
of DTE sources clears the path for receiving the data and gives a signal to
send the data.
DTE – DTE Working
• For DTE to DTE a null modem configuration
is used.
• The Rx of one DTE is connected to the TX of
another DTE and vice versa.
• A common ground is connected as a
reference.
• Both the DTE can now work in asynchronous
mode for communication setting the
baudrate, parity and start, stop bit.
Application of RS-232
• RS232 serial communication is used in old generation PCs for
connecting the peripheral devices like mouse, printers, modem etc.
• Nowadays, RS232 is replaced by advanced USB.
• It is also used in PLC machines, CNC machines, and servo controllers
because it is far cheaper.
• It is still used by some microcontroller boards, receipt printers, point
of sale system (PoS), etc.
End of Unit.
• Thank You !!!