SOCIOLOGY

Sociology is the systematic study of human society and social interaction.It is

the study of human relationships within a society. Sociologists use theoretical
perspective and research methods to systematically examine social behavior.
 CULTURE

• Social environment in which we are living. It is a complex whole all things around us
language ,Clothes,laws,customs,moral,belief,etc.
Types of Culture
There are two main types of culture
 Material Culture
 Non-Material Culture
 MATERIAL CULTURE

It refers to the physical objects, Resources, and spaces that people use to define their culture.
Examples:
Architectural Building, Religious Places(Mosque, church, temple, etc), goods and products(dress,
Food, Technology).
 NON-MATERIAL CULTURE

• It refers to the abstract ideas and ways of thinking that make up a culture.
Examples:
Traffic-laws, words, dress-codes, norms, customs and beliefs of a group of people
 NATURE OF SOCIOLOGY

 Sociology is a social science Not a physical science.

• As a social science it concentrates its attention on man, his social behaviour, social activities and
social life.
• The fact that sociology deals with the social universe it distinguishes from astronomy, physics.
Chemistry, geology, mathematics and other physical science.
 NATURE OF SOCIOLOGY

 Sociology is a Categorical and not a normative Discipline

• Sociology “Confines itself to statement about what it is, not what should be or ought to be ”
• But it does not mean that the knowledge of sociological is useless and serves no purpose.
• It only mean that sociology as a discipline cannot deal with problems of good and evil, right and
wrong, moral and immoral.
 NATURE OF SOCIOLOGY

 Sociology is a Pure Science not an Applied Science.

• Each Pure Science may have its own applied field.
• For Example:
Physics is a pure Science and Engineering is its applied field.
• Sociology as a Pure Science has its applied field such as administration, Diplomacy, Social Work
etc.
 NATURE OF SOCIOLOGY

 Sociology is a generalizing not a particularizing or individualizing Science.

• Sociology tries to find out the general laws of principle about human interaction and association,
about the nature, form, content and structure of human groups and societies.
• It does not study each and every event that take place in society.It is not possible also.
 IMPORTANCE OF SOCIOLOGY

• Sociology studies society in a scientific society.

• Sociology throws more light on the social nature of man.
• Sociology increase the power of social action.
• Sociology studies role of the institution in the development.
• Sociology is of great importance in the solution of social problems.
• Sociology has changed our outlook with regard to the problem of crime.
• Sociology is of great importance in the solution of international level.
• Sociology is a useful as a teaching subject.
 ETHNOCENTRISM

It is used in social science in which people believe that their culture is superior to others Culture.
For Example:
chinese eats meat of dog and pig but pakistani people donot eat these things they eat goat, camel
and they believe that these things are superior than others
 RELATIVISM

• It is a process in which people cannot judge other culture with own culture they cannot campare
the two Culture.
• For Example:
• Can you jugdge the wearing of the burqa in islamic communities, simply because it differ from
western ideas about family?
 ETHNOCENTRISM
VS
CULTURAL RELATIVISM

Ethnocentrism Cultural Relativism

• It is used in social science in which people • It is a process in which people cannot judge
believe that their culture is superior to others other culture with own culture they cannot
Culture. campare the two Culture.

• Invovlves looking at another culture from the • Invovlves looking at another culture by it’s own
perspective instead of one’s own culture culture.
perspective of one’s own culture.
• In cultural Relativism a person believe that one
• In ethnocentrrism a person believe that his
culture is not better than other culture.
culture is better than other’s culture
 CULTURAL UNIVERALISM

• It is a concept that values,concept,and behaviors within diverse cultures can be

examined,understood, and judged according to universal standard of right and wrong.
• For Example:
• Murder is wrong
• you should not tell a lie
• respect and obey your parents
 WHAT ARE CULTURAL VALUES AND
BELIEFS?
• It refer to the collective beliefs, principles, and ideal that guide the behavior, norms, and
decision-making of a particular group or society.
• For Example:
• Respect for elder

(
• individualism this cultural values emphasizes personal freedom, autonomy, and self reliance . )
• family-values
 BELIEFS

• It is specific statement that people hold to be true.

• particular matters that people consider true or false.
• For Exmple:
• woman could be president ; others?
WHAT ARE CULTURAL NORMS, MORES AND
FOLKWAYS?
Mores
Mores are moral norms. if you break them
you would be seen as not just in poore
taste, but immoral.They are often link to
religious rules.
For example
Respect for life
honesty
marriage
Norms Folkways
Cultural norms are unwritten rules of These are customs that are not written
society, which prescribe how people rather we learn in society and where we
should behave in different situation and grow up.
prescribe what is acceptable and what is
For example
not.
Tucking in your shirt
For example
wearing a school uniform
greeting people when you see them
working a 5 day in a week
you should be thankful the people who
help you.
 SAPIR WHORF HYPOTHESS

• The sapir-whorf hypothesis revoves around the ideas that language has power and can control
how you see the world. Language is a guide to your reality, structuring your thoughts. It provide
the framework through which you make sense of the world.
 SOCIALIZATION

• It is a process of learning in which we learn norms, culture, custom, belief, values, and roles of
society. these all things tell us how to adjust in society.
 NATURE VS NURTURE
Nature
• It refers to genetic influence or trait inherited
by child from parents.
• It can be difficult to change.
• Examples: eye-color, height, personality trait.
Nurture
• It refers all those things that we learn our
society or environment.
• It can be modified through intervention
• Examples: upbringing, Education, social
interaction.
 SYMBOLS AND LANGUAGE

Symbols
• These are sign, object, gesture that help us to understand world,convey recognizable meaning
shared by societies.
• For Examples:
• Army shirt, Red light on traffic road, broken mirror, red flower.
Languages
• It is a way to convey your words to other person, Culture is transmitted