EFFECTS OF

HORMONAL
IMBALANCE
Quarter 3-Lesson 2
 OBJECTIVES
● Identify the effects of hormonal imbalance.

● Explain the effect of a particular hormone

in the body if not properly regulated.
Each hormone acts on a
certain kind of tissue
called its target tissue.
PITUITARY
GL AND
 OXYTOCIN
Deficiency Excess
Low oxytocin levels have been It results in an overactive uterus,
linked to autism spectrum disorder causing an increase in uterine
and depressive symptoms. muscle mass (hypertrophy), which
limits pregnancy due to not being
enough space in your uterus to
hold your fetus.
 GROWTH HORMONE
Undersecretion Oversecretion
Dwarfism or pituitary Gigantism is a very rare
dwarfism, is a condition condition that happens
caused by insufficient when a child or
amounts of growth adolescent has high
hormone in the body. levels of growth
hormone in their body,
which causes them to
grow very tall.
 DWARFISM

CHANDRA BAHADUR DANGI, 1.79 ft. (Nepal) JYOTI AMGE, 2.06 ft (India)
GIGANTISM

SULTAN KOSEN, 8.28 ft (Turkey)

 PROLACTIN
Undersecretion
Hypoprolactinemia - If prolactin levels are higher than
condition is very rare and
may occur in people with
pituitary under activity. A
decrease in the amount of
prolactin secreted can lead
to insufficient milk being
produced after giving birth.
Oversecretion
normal, it often means there is a
type of tumor of the pituitary gland,
known as a prolactinoma. This
tumor makes the gland produce
too much prolactin. Excess
prolactin can cause the
production of breast milk in men
and in women who are not
pregnant or breastfeeding.
 (LH)
Undersecretion
In women, a lack of LH means
that ovulation does not
occur and menstrual
periods may not occur
regularly. LH deficiency in
men will result in infertility,
and if it occurs before puberty,
the patient will fail to develop
puberty and secondary
sexual characteristics.
Oversecretion
A significant cause of infertility and
miscarriage in women with
polycystic ovary syndrome. PCOS
is a very common hormone problem
for women of childbearing age.
Women with PCOS may not ovulate,
have high levels of androgens, and
have many small cysts on the
ovaries. PCOS can cause missed or
irregular menstrual periods, excess
hair growth, acne, infertility, and
weight gain.
 FOLLICE STIMULATING
HORMONE(FSH)
Undersecretion
If you are a woman, low FSH levels may mean:

• Your ovaries are not making enough eggs.

• Your pituitary gland is not working correctly.
• You have a problem with your hypothalamus, a part of
the brain that controls the pituitary gland and other
important body functions.
• You are very underweight.
 FOLLICE STIMULATING
HORMONE(FSH)

Undersecretion
If you are a man, low FSH
levels may mean you have a
disorder of the pituitary
gland or hypothalamus.
 FOLLICE STIMULATING
HORMONE(FSH)
Oversecretion
If you are a man, high FSH levels may mean:

• Your testicles have been damaged due to

chemotherapy, radiation, infection, or alcohol
abuse.
• You have Klinefelter syndrome, a genetic
disorder that affects sexual development in
males. It often causes infertility.
 FOLLICE STIMULATING
HORMONE(FSH)

Klinefelter Syndrome
• Klinefelter syndrome
(sometimes called
Klinefelter's, KS or XXY) is
where boys and men are
born with an extra X
chromosome.
 FOLLICE STIMULATING
HORMONE(FSH)
Oversecretion
If you are a woman, high FSH levels may mean you have:

• Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI), also known as a premature

ovarian failure. POI is the loss of ovarian function before the age of
40.
• Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a common hormonal disorder
affecting childbearing women. It is one of the leading causes of female
infertility.
• Started menopause or are in perimenopause
• An ovarian tumor
• Turner syndrome, a genetic disorder that affects sexual development in
females. It often causes infertility.
 FOLLICE STIMULATING
HORMONE(FSH)

Turner Syndrome
• Turner syndrome, a
condition that affects only
females, results when
one of the X
chromosomes (sex
chromosomes) is missing
or partially missing.
ADRENOCORTICOTROPHIC HORMONE
(ACTH)
Undersecretion
• Leads to a reduction in the secretion of adrenal
hormones, resulting in adrenal insufficiency
(hypoadrenalism). Adrenal insufficiency leads
to weight loss, lack of appetite (anorexia),
weakness, nausea, vomiting, and low blood
pressure (hypotension).
ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (AH)
Undersecretion
• Low levels of anti-diuretic hormone will cause
the kidneys to excrete too much water. Urine
volume will increase leading to dehydration
and a fall in blood pressure. Low levels of anti-
diuretic hormone may indicate damage to the
hypothalamus or pituitary gland.
ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (AH)
Oversecretion
• High levels of anti-diuretic hormone cause the kidneys to
retain water in the body. There is a condition called
Syndrome of Inappropriate Anti-Diuretic Hormone secretion
(SIADH; a type of hyponatraemia) where excess anti-
diuretic hormone is released when it is not needed. With
this condition, excessive water retention dilutes the
blood, giving a characteristically low salt concentration.
Excessive levels of anti-diuretic hormone might be caused
by drug side-effects and diseases of the lungs, chest
wall, hypothalamus or pituitary.
 THYROID HORMONE
Undersecretion
• Hypothyroidism is a common condition where
the thyroid doesn't create and release
enough thyroid hormone into your
bloodstream. This makes your metabolism slow
down. Also called underactive thyroid,
hypothyroidism can make you feel tired, gain
weight and be unable to tolerate cold
temperatures.
THYROID HORMONE
Hypothyroidism
 THYROID HORMONE
Oversecretion
• Hyperthyroidism happens when the thyroid
gland makes too much thyroid hormone. This
condition also is called overactive thyroid.
Hyperthyroidism speeds up the body's
metabolism. That can cause many symptoms,
such as weight loss, hand tremors, and rapid
or irregular heartbeat.
THYROID HORMONE
Hyperthyroidism
 PARATHORMONE
Undersecretion
• When you have low levels of parathyroid
hormone (PTH) in your blood, it causes you to
have low levels of calcium in your blood
(hypocalcemia) and high levels of
phosphorous in your blood
(hyperphosphatemia), which cause certain
symptoms and health conditions.
THYROID HORMONE
Hypocalcemia
THYROID HORMONE
Hyperphosphatemia
 THYMOSIN
Undersecretion
• An underproduction of thymosin would lead to an
underproduction of T cells and your immunity
would be compromised.
 THYMOSIN
Oversecretion
• An overproduction of thymosin would increase
the production of T cells leading to an
overproduction of lymphocytes leading to
lymphocytosis.
* It usually occurs after an illness and is harmless and
temporary. But it might represent something more serious,
such as blood cancer or a chronic infection.
 ADRENALINE
Oversecretion
• If the adrenal glands produce excess
adrenaline, this may be caused by a type of
adrenal tumor called pheochromocytoma.
• If you have a pheochromocytoma, the tumor
releases hormones that may cause high blood
pressure, headache, sweating and symptoms
of a panic attack.
ADRENALINE
Pheochromocytoma
 INSULIN
Undersecretion
• Impaired or insufficient insulin secretion results
in diabetes mellitus.
• Hyperglycemia is the technical term for high
blood glucose (blood sugar). High blood glucose
happens when the body has too little insulin or
when the body can't use insulin properly.
 INSULIN
Hyperglycemia
 INSULIN
Diabetes Mellitus
 INSULIN
Oversecretion
• Tumors of the pancreas that produce too much
insulin are called insulinomas. Insulinomas
keep making insulin, and can make your
blood sugar level too low (hypoglycemia).
Hypoglycemia may be mild, leading to
symptoms such as anxiety and hunger.
INSULIN
Hypoglycemia
 GLUCAGON
Undersecretion
• Glucagon deficiency is one of the major causes
of hypoglycemia, a condition characterized by
diminished levels of glucose in the blood.
 GLUCAGON
Oversecretion
• Hyperglucagonemia (Manifestations of
hyperglucagonemia include dermatitis, diabetes,
diarrhea, weight loss, abdominal pain, anemia, and
thromboembolic disease) is a state of excess
glucagon secretion.
 TESTOSTERONE
Undersecretion
• Low testosterone levels can cause mood
disturbances, increased body fat, loss of
muscle tone, inadequate erections and poor
sexual performance, osteoporosis, difficulty
with concentration, memory loss, and sleep
difficulties.
 TESTOSTERONE
Oversecretion
• Excess testosterone can lead to more
aggressive and irritable behavior, more acne
and oily skin, and even worse sleep apnea (a
common condition in which your breathing stops and
restarts many times while you sleep. This can prevent
your body from getting enough oxygen.), and an
increase in muscle mass.
 ESTROGEN
Undersecretion
• Low estrogen can lead to menstrual
irregularities in females and a low sex drive,
reduced bone density, and other issues in both
males and females.
 ESTROGEN
Oversecretion
• High levels of estrogen may put you at higher
risk of blood clots and stroke. Estrogen
dominance may also increase your chances of
thyroid dysfunction. This can cause symptoms
such as fatigue and weight changes.
 PROGESTERONE
Undersecretion
• If progesterone is absent or levels are too low,
irregular and heavy menstrual bleeding can
occur. A drop in progesterone during pregnancy
can result in a miscarriage and early labour.
Mothers at risk of giving birth too soon can be
given a synthetic form of progesterone to delay
the onset of labour.
 PROGESTERONE
Oversecretion
• Higher than normal progesterone levels can be
due to pregnancy with multiple babies,
ovarian cysts, or a molar pregnancy (when
there's a problem with a fertilized egg, which means a
baby and a placenta do not develop the way they should
after conception), an adrenal gland disorder, or
ovarian cancer.
PLACENTA
 MELATONIN
Undersecretion
• Melatonin secretion decreases during aging.
Reduced melatonin levels are also observed in
various diseases, such as types of dementia,
some mood disorders, severe pain, cancer,
and diabetes type 2.
 MELATONIN
Oversecretion
• Hypermelatoninemia happens when you have
higher-than-normal peak nighttime melatonin
levels, usually with an extended duration into
the morning (daylight), when compared with
what's expected for your age and sex.