Chapter 3: An Atomic View of Matter

OBJECTIVES OF THE DAY!

• Explain how the fundamental laws of matter led

to the formulation of Dalton’s atomic theory.
• Describe Dalton’s atomic theory.
• Differentiate between atomic number and mass
number

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Lesson 3: Atoms, Molecules and Ions
OBJECTIVES OF THE DAY!

• I will be able to differentiate

atoms, molecules, and ions;
• I will be able to write the chemical formula of
some molecules;
• I will be able to differentiate a
molecular formula and an empirical formula;
and
• I will be able to give the name of
a compound, given its chemical formula.

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FUNDAMENTAL LAWS OF CHEMISTRY

• These laws were inferred from several

experiments conducted during the 18th century
using a balance for the measurements:
1. Law of Conservation of Mass
2. Law of Definite Proportion
3. Law of Multiple Proportion

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A. Law of Conservation of Mass
( Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier)
• In a chemical reaction, no change in mass takes
place. The total mass of the products is equal to the
total mass of the reactant.

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B. Law of Definite Proportion
( Joseph-Louis Proust )
• A compound always contains the same constituent elements
in a fixed or definite proportion by mass.

• If water samples coming from different sources are analyzed,

all the samples will contain the same ratio by mass of
hydrogen to oxygen.

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C. Law of Multiple Proportions
( John Dalton )

• If two elements can combine to form more than one

compound, the masses of one element that will combine with a
fixed mass of the other element are in a ratio of small whole
numbers.

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Dalton’s Atomic Theory

• In 1808, John Dalton published his

book A New System of Chemical
Philosophy, where he proposed an
atomic theory of matter that can
explain chemical observations as
predicted by the three fundamental
laws.

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Dalton’s Atomic Theory
The atomic theory comprised the following postulates:

1. Matter is made up of extremely small

indivisible particles called atoms.

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Dalton’s Atomic Theory
The atomic theory comprised the following postulates:

2. Atoms of the same element are

identical, and are different from those of
other elements.

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Dalton’s Atomic Theory
The atomic theory comprised the following postulates:

3. Compounds are composed of atoms of

more than one element, combined in
definite ratios with whole number
values.

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Dalton’s Atomic Theory
The atomic theory comprised the following postulates:

4. During a chemical reaction, atoms

combine, separate, or rearrange. No
atoms are created and no atoms
disappear.

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• During the time of Dalton, the atom
was believed to be the smallest
particle comprising substances.
However, before the end of the 19th
century, experiments provided proof of
the existence of smaller particles
within the atom.

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Activity 15
• Recall the particles contained in an atom (or the subatomic particles) and differentiate the
particles in terms of location, charge, and relative mass by filling up the following table:

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Activity 15
• Recall the particles contained in an atom (or the subatomic particles) and differentiate the
particles in terms of location, charge, and relative mass by filling up the following table:

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Atomic Number and Mass Number

• An atom of an element may be represented in a certain

configuration that includes its atomic number (Z) and Mass
number (A), written as the left superscript and left subscript,
respectively of the element symbol.
mass number (A)
4
He Symbol of Element

atomic number (Z)

2
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Atomic Number and Mass Number

• The atomic number of an element represents the number of

protons in its nucleus. Because an atom as a whole is electrically
neutral, the atomic number also specifies the number of electron
present.

ATOMIC NUMBER = NUMBER OF PROTONS = NUMBER OF

ELECTRONS

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Atomic Number and Mass Number

• The mass number of an atom is the sum of the number of

protons and neutrons in its nucleus. Thus, the mass number gives
the number of subatomic particles present in the nucleus.

MASS NUMBER = NUMBER OF PROTONS + NUMBER OF

NEUTRONS

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Activity 16
COMPLETE THE TABLE BELOW

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Isotopes are atoms of an element having the same atomic
number but different mass number.
The existence of isotopes was shown by mass spectroscopy
experiments, wherein elements were found to be composed of
several types of atoms, each with different masses.

a.The atomic number identifies an element. The atoms of

isotopes of an element have the same number of protons and
electrons.
b.The atoms of isotopes of an element differ in the number of
neutrons.

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Atoms, Molecules and Ions

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Atoms, Ions and Molecules

• Of all the elements, only six exist as single atoms, namely

Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon and Radon. Most
matters are composed of ions formed from atoms.

• A molecule is a combination of at least two atoms in a definite

proportion, bound together by covalent bonds.

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Ions

• When a neutral atom gain or loses one or more electrons, it

becomes an electrically charged particles called ion.

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Ions

• Metals tend to lose electrons and become positively charged

cations. Nonmetals, on the other hand, gain electrons and
become negatively charged anions. The number of electron
lost or gained is the charged number.

• Ions can be made up of only one atom (monoatomic) or more than

one type of atom (polyatomic).

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Naming Monoatomic Ions

Monoatomic ions are named based on the element.

a. For cations, the name of the element is unchanged.

• If an element can form two ions of different charges, the

name, which is usually derived from its Latin name, is
modified by the suffix –ic for the ion with the higher charge,
and –ous for that with the lower charge.

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Naming Monoatomic Ions
b. The monoatomic anions are named by attaching the suffix – ide
to the first few letters (root) of nonmetal name,

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Activity 17.1
Name the following cations below.

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Activity 17.2
Name the following anions below.

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• Several anions are polyatomic and are named based on
the atomic constituents and the suffix – ide.

• The most common examples are:

a. OH- – hydroxide ion
b. CN- – cyanide ion

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• A number of polyatomic anions containing oxygen atoms
are named based on the root word of the central (or non-
oxygen) atom and the suffix –ate for the one with more
oxygen atoms and –ite for the one with less oxygen atom.

• Some anions have common names ending with the

suffix –ate.

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